Profound reforms were therefore linked to a new bureaucratic revolution that has subsequently been rejected by the British people. According to the authors, the financial crisis and the collapse of part of the banking system have signaled the end of the New Labour project. Globalised minds, roots in the city: Different modes of governance are gradually being structured in most middle size European cities despite social exclusion and the increased mobility of some citizens.
Are Europeans going to invent a new form of institutionalized and territorialized capitalism, of which medium-sized European cities will be one of the pillars and one of the actors? Failing that, the effects of changing scales may still be expressed as profound transformations of the European urban model. It argues that the predicted rise of increased political power at the regional level has failed to materialise and is fraught with paradox. In doing so this study locates regions in relation to European integration, globalisation, the nation state, local government, and comparative and national perspectives.
Using case studies of the main players in Europe including: This book proposes a new research agenda in urban sociology and politics applying primarily to European cities, in particular those that together make up the urban structure of Europe: The contributors develop an analytical framework which views cities as local societies, and as collective factors and site for modes of governance.
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The three parts of the book examine the economics of cities, the social structures, and the modes and processes of governance. Each chapter comprises a comparison across several countries and examines critically the book's central theoretical perspective. This is not a book about the making of a Europe of cities but rather about how some cities can take advantage of their changing global and European environment.
Sociologie de l'action publique by Pierre Lascoumes Book 12 editions published between and in French and held by WorldCat member libraries worldwide La 4e de couverture indique: Ce manuel permet de comprendre ces dynamiques et leurs transformations. Reconfiguring European states in crisis by Desmond S King Book 9 editions published in in English and held by WorldCat member libraries worldwide "Reconfiguring European States in Crisis offers a ground-breaking analysis by some of Europe's leading political scientists, examining how the European national state and the European Union state have dealt with two sorts of changes in the last two decades.
Only the fishery was left open to all subjects, as was customary. In such an event, the confiscated ship and merchandise would accrue to the company. Apart from the responsibility for the internal regulation of its members, the CNF was granted certain regal powers in New France, notably in the area of defence. The degree depended on the objectives of the enterprise, with some companies in the same country, such as the Dutch East and West India Companies, enjoying quite different relationships to the state.
Compared to those of its Atlantic counterparts, the sovereign powers of the CNF were circumscribed in the areas of defence, law, and diplomacy. While it could build military infrastructure, the company had no mandate to declare war or enter alliances. Unlike other commercial associations, they enjoyed the legal protection of incorporation and the grant of a charter; unlike other corporations, profit was a primary goal. The principal innovations of chartered companies were pooled capital and transferable shares.
Pooled capital facilitated long-distance enterprises, like overseas trade and colonization, by spreading the risks and the burden of having substantial sums locked up in infrastructure particularly ships, posts, and forts among many investors.
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The size of the company dwarfed previous enterprises to New France, most of which had been small partnerships. By contrast, most associations of the period in all European countries were based on single voyages, at the end of which members divided up the assets. Unlike previous New France partnerships in which the death or withdrawal of an associate precipitated the dissolution or reconfiguration of the association, shares could be sold or traded without affecting the company overall. In theory, members of the CNF were not responsible for more than their share.
Indeed, several articles focused on limiting the liability of associates. With the majority of associates uninvolved in daily operations, it did not make sense to hold them solidairement responsable for company affairs.
Pierre Lascoumes
By the late s, the company had experienced several consecutive years of financial losses due variously to: Such strategies, ranging from demanding new contributions from subscribers to creating subsidiary companies for trade and colonization, had a direct impact on internal and external governance. The following examination will focus on the latter area. Subsidiaries were among a litany of strategies used by early modern organizations, ranging from corporations to the Crown itself, to remain solvent, maintain their credit, and share costs. Like tax farms, they could provide a sum upfront or annually to the company and bear one or more of the trading, provisioning and peopling costs in exchange for profits from commerce.
The nature of the subsidiaries created under the CNF, their organization, scale, and extent, varied according to geographical area as well as the needs and interests of the parent company. It undertook to transport munitions and supplies for the habitation at no cost and to give men passage, but its obligations were to stop there: These various delegations to company associates allowed the CNF in effect to maintain its exclusive privileges and its administrative control in the colony.
Continued financial pressures and changing political circumstances compelled the Company of New France to cede most of its powers and privileges in the St. Indeed, it was an amalgam of several existing institutions. Like its predecessors, it was to enjoy exclusive privileges to the fur trade, the profits from which were to cover all expenses; its members, the habitants, were to receive dividends; and twelve elected directors were to manage its affairs. Here, however, the similarities ended: In these functions, it played an indispensable local role and relieved the Crown of the responsibility for local government.
When an issue needed to be addressed, the syndic elected by the habitants called an assembly; at the end of deliberations, the most prominent habitants signed the record. The main difference between the CH and its metropolitan counterparts lay in the nature of its property and source of revenue. Where the latter controlled pasture, saltmarshes, and fuel, and owned vineyards, houses, and woodland, the former managed the fur trade and provided for the habitations.
The CH had to acquire and outfit ships, trade with its indigenous partners, and sell the furs in France in exchange for merchandise and provisions. The notable-dominated organization largely lacked the knowledge crucial to the smooth-running of this large-scale transatlantic commerce. This situation also affected its ability to carry out its administrative responsibilities in the colony. In some ways, then, it merely reflected development of sufficient infrastructure in the colony to support home government. Unlike its English counterparts, however, the CNF continued to claim seigneurial and governmental authority, which meant that there were in effect two bodies sharing authority.
The establishment of the CH removed primary decision-making power from the metropole and placed it in the hands of a few groups in New France. Under the CNF to , the directors and associates dealt with these matters at weekly meetings and general assemblies in Paris. Given the shift in balance of power towards those across the Atlantic, the fulcrum of the enterprise moved westward. Its loss in influence and power had an important transatlantic dimension.
Deprived of its two key patrons Cardinal Richelieu having died the same year , the CNF found itself on the losing end. Indeed, its cession of the fur trade to the CH was partly in response to pressure from royal and ecclesiastical circles, both of whom favoured the new arrangement. In the case of the CH, according to the treaty, there ought not to have been any ambiguity about its relationship to the parent company: The CNF, the first French company of its kind in the Atlantic, shared several characteristics with other corporations in France.
Most important of these were its legal personality, giving it independence and permanence, its responsibility for internal governance, and its contractual relationship to the king, receiving privileges in return for advancing the public good through its obligations. The nature of these privileges, functions, and obligations, however, distinguished it, and chartered companies generally, from other types of corporations.
With the dual goals of profit and the extension of French dominion through colonization, the CNF exercised commercial, seigneurial and governmental jurisdiction in New France.
As a tool of capital formation, it was experimental, combining the emerging concepts of continuous capital and limited liability with older associational forms and colonial precedents. Examining the legal status and organization of the CNF and challenges to it shows that governmental bodies in New France were a combination of metropolitan institutions, experimentations with new organizations of capital, and the logic of the fur trade.
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On the concept of oeconomy, especially as it relates to police, see Barkan, Joshua, Corporate Sovereignty. For a challenge to this view, see Cole, Charles W.
Early Modern Empires , p. Law and Geography in European Empires , Cambridge,. See also Kessler, Amalia D. There is no evidence that alms were ever given. I did not find this clause in charters of any other companies created in the period. Cambridge Economic History of Europe , vol. Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy , uploaded , accessed 28 August Smith, [] , vol. There is no extant list of participating associates. See Trudel, HNF , vol. The habitants were to receive dividends in accordance with their placement in one of three classes: See, for example, Campeau, Les finances publiques , p.
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There were also instances of inhabitants of other American colonies taking on the responsibilities of administration and trade, each delegation under its own particular arrangements. Une compagnie de commerce comme gouvernement? Le statut corporatif de la Compagnie de la Nouvelle France et la gouvernance coloniale.