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Petar I as King.


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Stari Dvor , Belgrade , Serbia. One of the two sons of an unnamed "king" of White Serbia assumed to be Dervan [3] , he led "half of his folk" to the Balkans and was given land by Emperor Heraclius r. He is said to have died long before the Bulgar invasion He united some Slavic tribes, forming the first Serbian principality. At this time, there was peace with the Bulgars.

He defeated the Bulgars in a three-year war against Khan Presian. Vlastimir had three sons Mutimir, Strojimir and Gojnik and one daughter. His daughter married Krajina , who received the fief of Travunia. Eldest son of Vlastimir. Mutimir was the supreme ruler, with his two younger brothers Gojnik and Strojimir being subordinate to him. Gojnik and Strojimir later revolted against Mutimir, who exiled them to Boris in —, securing brief peace between the two nations.

Emperor Basil sent missionaries to Serbia by The Eparchy of Ras was established by , as the bishopric of Serbs. He was the eldest son of Mutimir. Pribislav fled with his two brothers Bran and Stefan and son, Zaharije , to Croatia. Son of Gojnik , born in ca. His name Peter symbolizes Christianization of the Serbs. He returned from exile and deposed Pribislav in He later caught Bran in under an attempted coup and blinded him, and then in he killed Klonimir, the son of Strojimir, in yet another attempted coup.

Petar re-gained Bosnia and most of Zahumlje , and annexed Pagania.

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Petar defeated Pavle, the son of Bran, who was sent by Simeon. In , Simeon's generals tricked and captured Peter, sending him to prison in Bulgaria, where he died within a year. Son of Bran , born in ca.


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He was sent with an army to Serbia in , but was defeated by Petar. After Petar was deposed, Pavle took the throne. He defeats Zaharija, the son of Pribislav, sent by the Byzantines in He was initially vassal to Symeon, later he switched to the Byzantine Empire. Zaharija, now sent by the Bulgars, defeats him in Zaharije was sent in by the Byzantines to retake the throne, but was captured by Pavle and handed over to Simeon who held him hostage for future tactics.

In the meantime, Pavle switched sides to the Byzantines; Simeon dispatched Zaharija who managed to defeat Pavle and then betrayed Simeon by supporting the Byzantines.

Zaharija defeated the Bulgar army in , when he sent two heads and weapons of Bulgar generals as trophies to Constantinople. Defeated Zaharija in , after which he was attacked by Simeon of Bulgaria who annexed the Serbian tribes. He returned and liberated and united the tribes from Bulgaria. His state included the provinces or tribes of Serbia Rascia and Bosnia , Travunia including the Kanalitans , Zachumlia , Pagania and Doclea ; it encompassed the shores of the Adriatic sea to the Morava valley, and the Sava river to the Skadar lake.

According to the Doclean Chronicle , he defeated the Magyars, but was later captured and drowned by them. His son-in-law Tihomir , who had held the Drina county, succeeded him as ruler of "Rascia". The state is believed to have disintegrated, and becoming annexed by the Byzantines and Bulgars. Serbia was annexed by the Byzantines Catepanate of Ras fl. The Serbian principality was succeeded by the principality of Duklja.

Jovan fought to protect Duklja from Bulgarian expansion, making an alliance with Byzantium; Bulgaria however conquered Doclea in and took Jovan Vladimir prisoner. Jovan ruled Duklja as a vassal of the Bulgarian empire until his murder in Except Doclea, his realm included Travunia with Konavli and Zachumlia. Grand Prince —, King — He was crowned ' Tsar of Bulgaria ' as Peter III in , after being chosen by Bulgarian nobles through his Cometopuli lineage, he was sent off with an army that would conquer parts of southern Serbia and Macedonia.

List of longest-ruling non-royal national leaders since 1900

He was captured and sent to Constantinople, where he spent several years. He was rescued in by Venetian sailors, and in he succeeds his father as King. He enlarged his realm, installing his nephews and other family in Bosnia and Rascia. He is captured by the Byzantines in the s, and continues as a mere Byzantine vassal, with his peripheral provinces gaining independence, of which Rascia becomes the most powerful one. Vukan was the son of Petrislav , the Prince of Rascia and son of Mihailo I , that held the office from ca In , Constantine Bodin appoints Vukan to the supreme rule of "Rascia", while Vukan's brother Marko administrated a part of the land, most likely the frontier region in the north.

After the Byzantine campaign against Duklja in , and the subsequent civil war, Vukan asserted independence, ruling as Grand Prince , becoming the most powerful Serb ruler as of ca He began raiding Byzantine territories in , taking Kosovo, and defeated a Byzantine army in Vukan made peace with Alexios I Komnenos , after the Emperor had threatened with a larger army. However, Vukan immediately broke the treaty as the Byzantines marched onto the dangerous Cumans in Adrianople. Vukan conquers the cities along the Vardar. In , the Emperor meets Vukan and renews the treaty. Vukan again raided Macedonia , as the First Crusade began.

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In he nominally recognized Alexios I. Rascia is elevated to an independent Grand Principality. Replaced his father at or around and ruled until Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja.

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He re-established control over the neighbouring territories , including Duklja, Hum and Travunia. In his last years, he joined his son Sava and took monastic vows, later recognized as Saint Symeon after numerous alleged miracles following his death. Eldest son of Stefan Nemanja. He was the initial heir presumptive, but his father chose Stefan instead upon the abdication in With the death of Nemanja, Vukan started plotting against his brother.

He found help in Hungary, and together they forced Stefan to flee to Bulgaria. He left the throne in , and continued to rule his appanage, he was later pardoned by the third brother Saint Sava. Second son of Stefan Nemanja. He inherited the title of Grand Prince in when his father retired as a monk. His reign began with a struggle against his brother Vukan, who expelled Stefan to Bulgaria. Kaloyan gave him an army of Cumans in exchange for eastern territories. The crisis ended when Sava negotiated a peace between the brothers and Stefan's power was cemented.

He was crowned King in , and then Sava gains autocephaly , becoming the first Archbishop of Serbs in , thus Serbia retained full independence.

List of Serbian monarchs

Son of Stefan the First-crowned. He ruled Zahumlje during the reign of his father, and also held a governor status of Zeta. Radoslav was crowned by his uncle Sava , the Archbishop of Serbia. His marriage to Anna Doukaina Angelina would prove unpopular as she undermined his authority, he lost the loyalty of the people and in a revolt against them prompted the couple to flee to Dubrovnik. He continued to rule Zeta. The first known flag design of Serbia was found in his treasury. He succeeded his brother Vladislav.

He boosted trade with Dubrovnik and Kotor, marking a beginning of economic prosperity. In a war was fought against Dubrovnik, peace was signed in , and in the s a second war begun that ended in He was overthrown by Stefan Dragutin in He overthrew his father with help from the Hungarian royalty through his marriage to Catherine of Hungary after the Battle of Gacko. He was injured in , and gave the supreme rule to his younger brother Milutin, but continued to rule what would later become the Kingdom of Srem with the capital at Belgrade. Milutin boosted relations with the Byzantine Emperor, and refused to give the rule to Vladislav II Dragutin's son , causing a split of the Kingdom.

Dragutin continued to rule the northern frontier in Hungarian alliance, but in the last years re-connected with Serbia, acting as a vassal. He succeeded his brother Dragutin. In October he lambasted Belgium's civic institutions for failing to protect the country's children in the wake of a paedophile scandal. A year later he criticised Renault for shutting down a car plant an act that had already been condoned by the Belgian and French prime ministers and the European Commission president, Jean-Luc Dehaene. The previous king, Albert's brother Baudouin, abdicated in rather than contravene his Catholic principles by signing an act legalising abortion.

Belgium was kingless for only 44 hours, until parliament voted King Baudouin back in. Read King Albert's official CV. Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. Her powers are largely ceremonial: Queen Margrethe enjoys one of the lowest profiles and some of the most loyal subjects of all the European monarchs. She never intervenes directly in political matters but meets her ministers once a week and has been known to undertake the odd moral crusade.

Unofficial site The Queen and her family. Finland has been an independent republic since its formation in , so has never had had its own monarch unlike its previous rulers, Sweden and Russia.


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The last Bourbon King was Louis-Philippe who abdicated in and escaped to Surrey, where he died. He was replaced, after an interim government, by Napoleon III who crowned himself Emperor in Since then France has been a republic. Modern Germany has never had a King or Queen, but it did have a series of emperors, starting with William I of Prussia. William managed to form a coalition of German states, which defeated Austria during the Seven Weeks War of Before that Austria was the dominant Germanic power. William was then able to unite the German state and create an empire.

This lasted until the end of the first world war. Greece abolished its monarchy and restored it in The country was ruled by Nazi Germany from to ; civil war broke out after the end of the second world war and lasted until After a coup in a military junta ruled for seven years, deposing King Constantine II. In democracy was restored under President Konstantinos Karamanlis, and a referendum the same year put an end to the Greek monarchy. Since then, democratically elected civilian governments have succeeded one another. After the unification of the country in Italy had a constitutional monarchy until The move neither took Italy out of the war nor solved the ensuing constitutional crisis.

Victor Emmanuel tried to introduce his son, Crown Prince Umberto, as lieutenant-general of the realm and relinquished all his own power, retaining only his title of king. This failed to appease the population and despite the King's subsequent abdication, Italy became a republic in Victor Emmanuel and Umberto fled into exile. The Grand Duchy is a constitutional monarchy with hereditary succession.