In , the first liberal, factual newspaper appeared, and the Constitution established lasting freedom of the press in Denmark. Newspapers flourished in the second half of the 19th century, usually tied to one or another political party or trade union. Modernisation, bringing in new features and mechanical techniques, appeared after The total circulation was , daily in , more than doubling to 1.
During the war, the underground produced newspapers—small, surreptitiously printed sheets that encouraged sabotage and resistance. Danish cinema dates back to and since the s has maintained a steady stream of product due largely to funding by the state-supported Danish Film Institute.
There have been three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema: Danish films have been noted for their realism, religious and moral themes, sexual frankness and technical innovation. The Danish filmmaker Carl Th. Dreyer — is considered one of the greatest directors of early cinema. In the modern era, notable filmmakers in Denmark include Lars von Trier , who co-created the Dogme movement, and multiple award-winners Susanne Bier and Nicolas Winding Refn. Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations.
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In television , publicly owned stations DR and TV 2 have large shares of the viewers. In radio, DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all four nationally available FM channels, competing only with local stations.
Copenhagen and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world's oldest orchestras. Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians, and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired an international reputation. Lars Ulrich , the drummer of the band Metallica , has become the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Denmark has been a part of the Eurovision Song Contest since Denmark has won the contest three times, in , and Denmark's architecture became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque , then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. From the 16th century, Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark, initially to improve the country's fortifications, but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the Renaissance style.
During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style, both in the capital and the provinces. Neoclassicism from France was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style. A productive period of Historicism ultimately merged into the 19th-century National Romantic style.
The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including expressionism , best exemplified by the designs of architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint , which relied heavily on Scandinavian brick Gothic traditions; and Nordic Classicism , which enjoyed brief popularity in the early decades of the century. It was in the s that Danish architects such as Arne Jacobsen entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalist architecture. Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in the midth century, originating in Denmark.
Danish design is typically applied to industrial design, furniture and household objects, which have won many international awards. The Royal Porcelain Factory is famous for the quality of its ceramics and export products worldwide.
The first known Danish literature is myths and folklore from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus , normally considered the first Danish writer, worked for bishop Absalon on a chronicle of Danish history Gesta Danorum. Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed. In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Romanticism influenced the renowned writer and poet Hans Christian Andersen , known for his stories and fairy tales , e.
Karen Blixen is famous for her novels and short stories. Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Among Kierkegaard's other followers include Jean-Paul Sartre who was impressed with Kierkegaard's views on the individual, and Rollo May , who helped create humanistic psychology. Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig , whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works.
While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th- and 16th-century church frescos , which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters. The Danish Golden Age , which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism, typified in the later previous century by history painter Nicolai Abildgaard.
In , Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specialising in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the Academy. Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna , they were soon joined by P. All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people. Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture, inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area.
These include impressionism and the modernist styles of expressionism , abstract painting and surrealism. While international co-operation and activity has almost always been essential to the Danish artistic community, influential art collectives with a firm Danish base includes De Tretten — , Linien s and s , COBRA —51 , Fluxus s and s , De Unge Vilde s and more recently Superflex founded in Most Danish painters of modern times have also been very active with other forms of artistic expressions, such as sculpting, ceramics, art installations, activism, film and experimental architecture.
Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art of photography in to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today. Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century. Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.
The traditional cuisine of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany , consists mainly of meat, fish and potatoes. Danish dishes are highly seasonal, stemming from the country's agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters. Denmark is known for its Carlsberg and Tuborg beers and for its akvavit and bitters.
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Since around , chefs and restaurants across Denmark have introduced gourmet cooking, largely influenced by French cuisine. Also inspired by continental practices, Danish chefs have recently developed a new innovative cuisine and a series of gourmet dishes based on high-quality local produce known as New Danish cuisine. This includes Geranium and Noma in Copenhagen.
Sports are popular in Denmark, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The national sport is football , with over , players in more than clubs.
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There is much focus on handball , too. The women's national team celebrated great successes during the s. On the men's side , Denmark has won eight medals—two gold in and , three silver in , and and three bronze in , and —the most that have been won by any team in European Handball Championship history. In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation, with Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status in the Tour de France in and Other popular sports include golf—which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic; [] tennis —in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; basketball —Denmark joined the international governing body FIBA in ; [] rugby—the Danish Rugby Union dates back to ; [] hockey — often competing in the top division in the Men's World Championships; rowing—Denmark specialise in lightweight rowing and are particularly known for their lightweight coxless four, having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze Olympic medals; and several indoor sports—especially badminton , table tennis and gymnastics, in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals.
Denmark's numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, and many other water-themed sports. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 December For other uses, see Denmark disambiguation.
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Municipalities of the Faroe Islands and Municipalities of Greenland. The unity of the Realm. Politics of the Faroe Islands and Politics of Greenland. The Queen of Denmark and her Prime Minister. Folketing and Cabinet of Denmark. Law of Denmark and Courts of Denmark. Foreign relations of Denmark.
Foreign relations of the Faroe Islands and Foreign relations of Greenland. Danish Defence and Military history of Denmark. Economy of Denmark and List of companies of Denmark. Economy of the Faroe Islands and Economy of Greenland. Flexicurity and Taxation in Denmark. Taxation in the Faroe Islands and Taxation in Greenland. Energy in the Faroe Islands and Energy in Greenland. Transport in the Faroe Islands and Transport in Greenland.
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Denmark portal Faroe Islands portal Greenland portal. In this article, usage of "Denmark" excludes Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Greenlandic is the sole official language in Greenland. German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark. Greenland also gained autonomy on 1 May For data relevant to Greenland and the Faroe Islands see their respective articles.
Marginal DST time zones, offset by one hour, include: In light of the restriction of powers of the monarchy, this is best interpreted as referring to the government Cabinet. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Retrieved 18 May Retrieved 12 November Retrieved 25 February Retrieved 30 August United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 September Retrieved 2 May Retrieved 18 December You'll Never Guess Why". Retrieved 23 August Global prosperity rising while US and UK economies decline. Legatum Institute , 29 October Archived 6 August at the Wayback Machine.
Archived from the original on 28 March Retrieved 19 April Retrieved 11 November Nielsen , Dansk etymologisk ordbog , , 85— Archived from the original on 16 July Retrieved 27 January Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 1 May Archived from the original on 10 May Retrieved 24 June Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c.
Cambridge University Press — via Google Books. Archived from the original on 11 October Retrieved 4 May Retrieved 6 November Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Retrieved 15 May Retrieved 28 August Zur Regierungsgeschichte Friedrich VI. Urban world history an economic and geographical perspective. Archived from the original on 29 January Retrieved 30 January Now, the Seven and a Half". Retrieved 18 July Consensual, Majoritarian Or Mixed? National Survey and Cadastre of Denmark. Retrieved 14 July Archived from the original on 3 April Retrieved 3 February Retrieved 26 May Retrieved 2 January Figures, labelled in Danish: Retrieved 19 October Retrieved 17 September Retrieved 26 August Danish Ministry of the Environment Nature Agency.
Archived from the original PDF on 15 July Retrieved 31 May Herring, cod and other fish — Stories of Denmark". The Heritage Agency of Denmark. Retrieved 4 February Archived from the original on 9 July Archived from the original PDF on 9 December Retrieved 9 December Archived from the original on 4 February Retrieved 17 December Denmark Archived 23 April at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 December Retrieved 4 November Retrieved 12 August Retrieved 13 March Retrieved 11 June Retrieved 12 February The Council of State shall be presided over by the King Retrieved 17 August The Growth of Scandinavian Law.
Rules to this effect shall be laid down by Statute Archived from the original on 3 January Retrieved 25 May A bracket that should be closed" in Danish. The council for international conflict resolution RIKO.
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Archived from the original on 15 February Retrieved 1 January Ministry of Defense of Denmark. Archived from the original on 27 December In times of open or suppressed inflation when a monetary reform becomes inevitable, economic theory can help to make the right decisions. Monetary concepts like the quantity equation and the theory of monetary reforms would have helped to avoid the mistakes of the Danish reform in Additionally, they would have confirmed the decision makers of the German reform in in their actions.
Hierbei kann die Geldtheorie helfen, die richtigen Entscheidungen zu treffen. Read more Read less. Kindle Cloud Reader Read instantly in your browser. Product details File Size: August 29, Sold by: Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway. Monetary reforms in comparison - Denmark and Germany That meant that people had accumulated large paper assets, and that official prices and wages did not reflect reality, as the black market dominated the economy and more than half of all transactions were taking place unofficially.
The reform replaced the old money with the new Deutsche Mark at the rate of one new per ten old. The result was the prices of German export products held steady, while profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy. In addition, the Marshall plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices, and take account of the wider market. Marshall plan funding overcame bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls which were removed in , and opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports.
Overnight, consumer goods appeared in the stores, because they could be sold for higher prices. Only after the wage-freeze was abandoned, Deutschmark and free-ranging prices were accepted by the population. In the Soviet occupation zone of Germany later the German Democratic Republic , the East German mark also named "Deutsche Mark" from to and colloquially referred to as the Ostmark — literally Eastmark was introduced a few days afterwards in the form of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes with adhesive stamps to stop the flooding in of Reichsmark and Rentenmark notes from the West.
In July , a completely new series of East German mark banknotes was issued. The Deutsche Mark earned a reputation as a strong store of value at times when other national currencies succumbed to periods of inflation. In the s, opinion polls showed a majority of Germans opposed to the adoption of the euro; polls today show a significant number would prefer to return to the mark. The population in the Saar Protectorate rejected in a referendum the proposal to turn it into a "European territory".
Despite French pre-referendum claims that a "no" vote would mean that the Saar would remain a French protectorate it in fact resulted in the incorporation of the Saar into the Federal Republic of Germany on January 1, The new German member state of the Saarland maintained its currency, the Saar franc , which was in a currency union at par with the French franc. The Deutsche Mark played an important role in the reunification of Germany. East German marks were exchanged for German marks at a rate of 1: The government of Germany and the Bundesbank were in major disagreement over the exchange rate between the East German mark and the German mark.
France and the United Kingdom were opposed to German reunification, and attempted to influence the Soviet Union to stop it. The German mark had a reputation as one of the world's most stable currencies; this was based on the monetary policy of the Bundesbank. The policy was "hard" in relation to the policies of certain other central banks in Europe. The "hard" and "soft" was in respect to the aims of inflation and political interference. This policy was the foundation of the European Central Bank 's present policy [ clarification needed ] towards the euro.
The German mark's stability was greatly apparent in , when speculation on the French franc and other European currencies caused a change in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. From , the inscription Bundesrepublik Deutschland Federal Republic of Germany appeared on the coins. These coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2, 5, and 10 pfennigs. The 1- and 2-pfennig coins were struck in bronze clad steel although during some years the 2 pfennigs was issued in solid bronze while 5 and 10 pfennigs were brass clad steel.
In , cupronickel pfennig and 1-mark coins were released, while a cupronickel 2 marks and a. Cupronickel replaced silver in the 5 marks in The 2- and 5-mark coins have often been used for commemorative themes, though typically only the generic design for the 5 marks is intended for circulation.
Commemorative silver mark coins have also been issued which have periodically found their way into circulation. Unlike other European countries, Germany retained the use of the smallest coins 1 and 2 pfennigs until adoption of the euro. The weights and dimensions of the coins can be found in an FAQ of the Bundesbank.
Unlike other countries such as Australia there was no attempt or proposal suggested for the withdrawal of the 1- and 2-pfennig coins. Both coins were still in circulation in and supermarkets in particular still marked prices to the nearest pfennig. This penchant for accuracy continues with the euro while Finland or the Netherlands for example, price to the nearest 5 cents with the 1-cent coin still encountered in Germany.
There were a considerable number of commemorative silver DM 5 and DM 10 coins , which actually had the status of legal tender but were rarely seen outside of collectors' circles. On 27 December , the German government enacted a law authorizing the Bundesbank to issue, in , a special. The coin had the exact design and dimensions of the circulating cupro-nickel DM 1 coin, with the exception of the inscription on the reverse, which read "Deutsche Bundesbank" instead of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland" , as the Bundesbank was the issuing authority in this case.
A total of one million gold 1-mark coins were minted , at each of the five mints and were sold beginning in mid through German coin dealers on behalf of the Bundesbank. The issue price varied by dealer but averaged approximately United States dollars. German coins bear a mint mark, indicating where the coin was minted. The mint mark A was also used for German mark coins minted in Berlin beginning in following the reunification of Germany. These mint marks have been continued on the German euro coins. Between July 1, the currency union with East Germany and July 1, , East German coins in denominations up to 50 pfennigs continued to circulate as Deutsche Mark coins at their face value, owing to a temporary shortage of small coins.
These coins were legal tender only in the territory of the former East Germany. In colloquial German the pfennig coin was sometimes called a groschen cf. Likewise, sechser sixer could refer to a coin of 5 pfennigs. Both colloquialisms refer to several pre currencies of the previously independent states notably Prussia , where a groschen was subdivided into 12 pfennigs, hence half a groschen into 6.