The Syrian troops shelled the Christian Beirut area of Achrafiyeh for days. The conflict resulted in dead [ citation needed ] and injured. PLO attacks from Lebanon into Israel in and escalated tensions between the countries. On 11 March , eleven Fatah fighters landed on a beach in northern Israel and proceeded to hijack two buses full of passengers on the Haifa — Tel-Aviv road, shooting at passing vehicles in what became known as the Coastal Road massacre.
They killed 37 and wounded 76 Israelis before being killed in a firefight with Israeli forces. The Israeli Army occupied most of the area south of the Litani River. Documents captured in PLO headquarters after the invasion showed they had come from Lebanon. On 17 July , Israeli aircraft bombed multi-story apartment buildings in Beirut that contained offices of PLO associated groups. The Lebanese delegate to the United Nations Security Council claimed that civilians had been killed and wounded. The bombing led to worldwide condemnation, and a temporary embargo on the export of U.
The Safra massacre , known as the Day of the Long Knives , occurred in the coastal town Safra north to Beirut on 7 July , during the Lebanese civil war , as part of Bashir Gemayel 's effort to consolidate all the Maronite fighters under his leadership in the Lebanese Forces. The Phalangist forces launched a surprise attack on the Tigers , which claimed the lives of 83 people and most of them were normal citizens and not from the Tigers Militia.
The Zahleh campaign took place between December and June During the seven-month period, the city of Zahleh endured a handful of political and military setbacks. Demographically, Zahleh is one of the largest predominantly Christian towns in Lebanon. This potential alliance would not only threaten the Syrian military presence in the Bekaa valley, but was regarded as a national security threat from the Syrians' point of view, given the close proximity between Zahle and the Damascus highway.
Consequently, as a clamp down strategy, the Syrian forces controlled major roads leading in and out of the city and fortified the entire Valley. From April to June , throughout the four-month period, a handful of LF members, aided by Zahlawi Local Resistance, confronted the Syrian military and defended the city from Syrian intrusion and potential invasion.
Nearly 1, people were killed on both sides during the conflict. This campaign paved the way for Bachir to reach the presidency in Israeli chief of staff Rafael Eitan and Sharon had already ordered the invading forces to head straight for Beirut, in accord with Sharon's plan from September By 15 June , Israeli units were entrenched outside Beirut. Meanwhile, Arafat attempted through negotiations to salvage politically what was clearly a disaster for the PLO, an attempt which eventually succeeded once the multinational force arrived to evacuate the PLO.
Begin called back within minutes informing the President that he had given the order to end the attack. Finally, amid escalating violence and civilian casualties, Philip Habib was once again sent to restore order, which he accomplished on 12 August on the heels of IDF's intensive, day-long bombardment of West Beirut. The Habib-negotiated truce called for the withdrawal of both Israeli and PLO elements, as well as a multinational force composed of U. Marines along with French and Italian units that would ensure the departure of the PLO and protect defenseless civilians.
The agreement also provided for the deployment of a multinational force composed of U. Marines along with French, Italian and British units. However, Israel reported that some 2, PLO militants were hiding in Palestinian refugee camps on the outskirts of Beirut. Bachir Gemayel was elected president on 23 August. On 16—18 September , Lebanese Phalangists allied with the Israeli Defense Force killed up to 3, Lebanese and Palestinian Shiite civilians in the Shatila refugee camp and the adjacent Sabra neighborhood of Beirut.
Soldiers loyal to Phalangist leader Elie Hobeika began slaughtering civilians while Israeli forces blocked exits from Sabra and Shatila and illuminated the area with flares. When reports of atrocities came in, IDF officials failed to act to stop the killings. Ten days later, the Israeli government set up the Kahan Commission to investigate the circumstances of the Sabra and Shatila massacre. Under pressure, Sharon resigned as defense minister but remained in the government as a minister without portfolio.
On 17 May , Lebanon's Amine Gemayel , Israel, and the United States signed an agreement [53] text on Israeli withdrawal that was conditioned on the departure of Syrian troops; reportedly after the US and Israel exerted severe pressure on Gemayel. The agreement stated that "the state of war between Israel and Lebanon has been terminated and no longer exists.
Syria strongly opposed the agreement and declined to discuss the withdrawal of its troops, effectively stalemating further progress. In August , Israel withdrew from the Chouf District southeast of Beirut , thus removing the buffer between the Druze and the Maronite militias and triggering another round of brutal fighting, the Mountain War Lebanon.
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By September, the Druze had gained control over most of the Chouf, and Israeli forces had pulled out from all but the southern security zone. The virtual collapse of the Lebanese Army in February , following the defection of many Muslim and Druze units to militias, was a major blow to the government. Marines looking ready to withdraw, Syria and Muslim groups stepped up pressure on Gemayel. This period of chaos witnessed the beginning of attacks against U. Embassy in West Beirut , which killed In September, following the Israeli withdrawal and the ensuing battles between the Lebanese Army and opposing factions for control of key terrain during the Mountain War , the Reagan White House approved the use of naval gunfire to subdue Druze and Syrian positions in order to give support to and protect the Lebanese Army, which was under severe duress.
On 23 October , a devastating Iranian sponsored suicide bombing in Beirut targeted the headquarters of the U. The situation became serious enough to compel the U. The group found inspiration for its revolutionary Islamism in the Iranian Revolution of With Iranian sponsorship and a large pool of disaffected Shi'a refugees from which to draw support, Hezbollah quickly grew into a strong, armed force. Between and , sectarian conflict worsened as various efforts at national reconciliation failed. Heavy fighting took place in the War of the Camps of —86 as a Syrian-backed coalition headed by the Amal militia sought to rout the PLO from their Lebanese strongholds.
Many Palestinians died, and Sabra and Shatila and Bourj el-Barajneh refugee camps were largely destroyed.
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Major combat returned to Beirut in , when Palestinians, leftists, and Druze fighters allied against Amal, eventually drawing further Syrian intervention. Violent confrontation flared up again in Beirut in between Amal and Hezbollah. Hezbollah swiftly seized command of several Amal-held parts of the city, and for the first time emerged as a strong force in the capital. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Rashid Karami , head of a government of national unity set up after the failed peace efforts of , was assassinated on 1 June The assassination was accused upon Samir Geagea in coordination with the Lebanese army, but would not be proven.
President Gemayel's term of office expired in September Conflict in this period was also exacerbated by increasing Iraqi involvement, as Saddam Hussein searched for proxy battlefields for the Iran—Iraq War. Muslim groups rejected the violation of the National Pact and pledged support to Selim al-Hoss , a Sunni who had succeeded Karami.
Lebanon was thus divided between a Maronite military government in East Beirut and a civilian government in West Beirut. On 8 March Aoun started the blockade of illegal ports of Muslim militias, and this touched off bloody exhcanges of artillery fire that lasted for half a year. Still, Aoun persisted in the "war of liberation", denouncing the government of Hafez al-Assad and claiming that he fought for Lebanon's independence.
While he seems to have had significant Maronite support for this, he was still perceived as a sectarian leader among others by the Muslim population, who distrusted his agenda. He was also plagued by the challenge to his legitimacy put forth by the Syrian-backed West Beirut government of Selim al-Hoss. Militarily, this war did not achieve its goal. Instead, it caused considerable damages to East Beirut and provoked massive emigration among the Christian population.
The Taif Agreement of marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. In January of that year, a committee appointed by the Arab League , chaired by Kuwait and including Saudi Arabia , Algeria , and Morocco , began to formulate solutions to the conflict.
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This led to a meeting of Lebanese parliamentarians in Ta'if , Saudi Arabia , where they agreed to the national reconciliation accord in October. The agreement provided a large role for Syria in Lebanese affairs. Returning to Lebanon, they ratified the agreement on 4 November and elected Rene Mouawad as President the following day.
He was succeeded by Elias Hrawi who remained in office until Aoun again refused to accept the election, and dissolved Parliament. On 16 January , General Aoun ordered all Lebanese media to cease using terms like "President" or "Minister" to describe Hrawi and other participants in the Taif government. The Lebanese Forces , which had grown into a rival power broker in the Christian parts of the capital, protested by suspending all its broadcasts. Tension with the LF grew, as Aoun feared that the militia was planning to link up with the Hrawi administration.
On 31 January , Lebanese Army forces clashed with the LF, after Aoun had stated that it was in the national interest for the government to "unify the weapons" i. This brought fierce fighting to East Beirut, and although the LF made initial advances, the intra-Maronite warfare eventually sapped the militia of most of its fighting strength. In August , the Lebanese Parliament, which didn't heed Aoun's order to dissolve, and the new president agreed on constitutional amendments embodying some of the political reforms envisioned at Taif.
The National Assembly expanded to seats and was for the first time divided equally between Christians and Muslims. It then cleared out the last Aounist pockets, cementing its hold on the capital. Aoun fled to the French Embassy in Beirut, and later into exile in Paris. He was not able to return until May William Harris claims that the Syrian operation could not take place until Syria had reached an agreement with the United States, that in exchange for support against the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War , it would convince Israel not to attack Syrian aircraft approaching Beirut.
Aoun claimed in that the United States "has sold Lebanon to Syria". The amnesty was not extended to crimes perpetrated against foreign diplomats or certain crimes referred by the cabinet to the Higher Judicial Council. In May , the militias with the important exception of Hezbollah were dissolved, and the Lebanese Armed Forces began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution.
Some violence still occurred. At least thirty people were killed, and wounded, including former Prime Minister Shafik Wazzan , who was riding in a bulletproof car. The post-war occupation of the country by Syria was particularly politically disadvantageous to the Maronite population as most of their leadership was driven into exile , or had been assassinated or jailed.
In , the assassination of Rafik Hariri sparked the Cedar Revolution leading to Syrian military withdrawal from the country. Contemporary political alliances in Lebanon reflect the alliances of the Civil War as well as contemporary geopolitics. The Syrian civil war is also having a significant impact on contemporary political life.
Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have conducted several elections, most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces LAF have extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the country. Following the cease-fire which ended the 12 July Israeli-Lebanese conflict, the army has for the first time in over three decades moved to occupy and control the southern areas of Lebanon. Lebanon still bears deep scars from the civil war.
In all, it is estimated that around , people were killed, [63] and another , permanently handicapped by injuries. Approximately , people, representing one-fifth of the pre-war population, were displaced from their homes.
Perhaps a quarter of a million emigrated permanently. Thousands of land mines remain buried in the previously contested areas. Some Western hostages kidnapped during the mids were held until June From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Civil conflicts in Lebanon. Part of a series on the. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
October Learn how and when to remove this template message. Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon. Lebanese Front and Lebanese National Movement. List of militias in the Lebanese civil war. Syrian occupation of Lebanon. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. Multinational Force in Lebanon. Sabra and Shatila massacre. Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping. Scarecrow Press, , pp. Martins Press, , p. Refugees and internally displaced persons". Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East", p. Archived from the original on 19 March Archived copy as title link CS1 maint: This reference only mentions Israel.
Archived from the original on 13 August Retrieved 23 February Archived from the original on 15 December Archived from the original on 14 March An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia. Westview Press, , pp. Le Seuil, , p. The Syrian Occupation of Lebanon. Smith, Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict , p. International Center for Transitional Justice Report. Retrieved 15 October Weidenfeld and Nicolson, , pp. Journal of Palestine Studies.
Les secrets de la guerre au Liban: The battle of Zahle Technical memorandum 8— S Army Human Engineering Laboratory. Retrieved 16 August Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East. The carnage began immediately. It was to continue without interruption till Saturday noon.
Night brought no respite; the Phalangist liaison officer asked for illumination and the Israelis duly obliged with flares, first from mortars and then from planes. From Beirut to Jerusalem. From there, small units of Phalangist militiamen, roughly men each, were sent into Sabra and Shatila, which the Israeli army kept illuminated through the night with flares.
The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: Retrieved 20 August The Terrible Tally of Death". Retrieved 7 May Retrieved 9 August Paintings in Times of War, —". Retrieved 20 January The New York Times. List of modern conflicts in the Middle East. Retrieved from " https: Archived copy as title CS1 maint: Views Read View source View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 14 December , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
The Martyr's Square statue in Beirut, , during the civil war. Taif Agreement Christian Michel Aoun Emmanuel A. Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon. Battles between the PLO and the Kataeb Christian militia spread to parts of Beirut, especially the downtown area which is totally destroyed leading to the demarcation line between the two parts of the city. Many militias are formed on both sides and hundreds of civilians are killed or taken hostage. The government divides and the army is split.
The militias usurp many functions of the state. The Karantina massacre and the Damour massacre. Elias Sarkis is elected president. The Tel al-Zaatar massacre occurs. The Syrian army intervenes for the first time. An Arab League summit occurs to instill a ceasefire backed by the deployment of peacekeeping troops.
The Hundred Days' War begins and the ceasefire ends. The United Nations sends troops and foreign powers deploy aid to the two sides of the war. The Iranian revolution occurs helping to radicalize the Shiite movement in Lebanon. Bashir Gemayel , leader of the Kataeb militia, unites all the Christian militias by force, putting in place the political party, Lebanese Forces.
From the archive, 17 March 1977: Lebanese leftist leader Kamal Jumblatt assassinated
The Lebanon War occurs as well as the Siege of Beirut. Bashir Gemayel is elected president on 23 August and assassinated 14 September. Soon after the Sabra and Shatila massacre occurs. Amin Gemayel is elected president. The Mountain War begins. The Lebanese army, after controlling Beirut since Israeli withdrawal, is expelled from West Beirut, accused of partisanship with the Lebanese forces, mass arrests, etc.
The Israelis withdraw from Sidon but remain in the south. Armed resistance to Israeli occupation intensifies. The War of the Camps arises. Assassination attempt on Hezbollah leader, Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah. Rashid Karami is assassinated on 1 June The First Intifada begins and the anger toward Israel in Lebanon increases. There are hundreds of Lebanese and Palestinians imprisoned by Israel.
Amin Gemayel 's presidential term expires and he appoints the commander of the army, General Michel Aoun as interim prime minister. General Aoun declares war on the Syrian presence in Lebanon. After seven months of shelling a ceasefire is negotiated by the Arab League. The Taif Agreement occurs. Elias Hrawi is then elected. General Aoun denounces the legitimacy of these presidencies and a new commander of the army is appointed. Heavy fighting begins between the Lebanese army still under General Aoun's control and the Lebanese Forces.
As well as fighting between Amal and Hezbollah and continued resistance to Israeli occupation and Israeli reprisal raids. General Aoun is forced out of the presidential palace and goes into exile. The October 13 massacre occurs. Selim Hoss assumes command of the country except for the part still occupied by Israel. The armed forces are reunited under a central command. Hitchhiking in the Axis of Evil. Egypt Travel Guide - Tiki Travel. Morocco - Culture Smart!
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