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Sep 19, Feb 14, Daniel Sidor has read. Jun 04, All three major Abrahamic monotheistic religions have passages in their holy scriptures that attest to the primacy of the scriptural testimony, and indeed monotheism itself is often [ quantify ] vouched [ by whom? Some exclusivist faiths incorporate a specific element of proselytization.

This is a strongly-held belief in the Christian tradition which follows the doctrine of the Great Commission , and is less emphasized by the Islamic faith where the Quranic edict "There shall be no compulsion in religion" 2: The Jewish tradition does not actively seek out converts. Exclusivism correlates with conservative, fundamentalist, and orthodox approaches of many religions, while pluralistic and syncretist approaches either explicitly downplay or reject the exclusivist tendencies within a religion. People with inclusivist beliefs recognize some truth in all faith systems , highlighting agreements and minimizing differences.

This attitude is sometimes associated [ by whom? Explicitly inclusivist religions include many that are associated with the New Age movement, as well as modern reinterpretations of Hinduism and Buddhism. People with pluralist beliefs make no distinction between faith systems, viewing each one as valid within a particular culture. People with syncretistic views blend the views of a variety of different religions or traditional beliefs into a unique fusion which suits their particular experiences and contexts see eclecticism. Unitarian Universalism exemplifies a syncretistic faith.

Psychologist James Alcock also summarizes a number of apparent benefits which reinforce religious belief. These include prayer appearing to account for successful resolution of problems, "a bulwark against existential anxiety and fear of annihilation," an increased sense of control, companionship with one's deity, a source of self-significance, and group identity.

A belief system is a set of mutually supportive beliefs. The beliefs of any such system can be classified as religious , philosophical , political , ideological , or a combination of these. Philosopher Jonathan Glover says that beliefs are always part of a belief system, and that tenanted belief systems are difficult for the tenants to completely revise or reject. A collective belief is referred to when people speak of what 'we' believe when this is not simply elliptical for what 'we all' believe.

Durkheim's discussion of collective belief, though suggestive, is relatively obscure. Philosopher Margaret Gilbert has offered a related account in terms of the joint commitment of a number of persons to accept a certain belief as a body. According to this account, individuals who together collectively believe something need not personally believe it themselves.

Gilbert's work on the topic has stimulated a developing literature among philosophers.


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One question that has arisen is whether and how philosophical accounts of belief in general need to be sensitive to the possibility of collective belief. Jonathan Glover believes that he and other philosophers ought to play some role in starting dialogues between people with deeply held, opposing beliefs, especially if there is risk of violence.

Glover also believes that philosophy can offer insights about beliefs that would be relevant to such dialogue. Glover suggests that beliefs have to be considered holistically, and that no belief exists in isolation in the mind of the believer. It always implicates and relates to other beliefs. At that point, the patient has a great deal of flexibility in choosing what beliefs to keep or reject: Glover maintains that any person can continue to hold any belief if they would really like to [47] e.

One belief can be held fixed, and other beliefs will be altered around it. Glover warns that some beliefs may not be entirely explicitly believed e.

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Glover believes that people tend to first realize that beliefs can change, and may be contingent on their upbringing, around age 12 or Glover emphasizes that beliefs are difficult to change. He says that one may try to rebuild one's beliefs on more secure foundations axioms , like building a new house, but warns that this may not be possible. As Glover puts it: Glover's final message is that if people talk about their beliefs, they may find more deep, relevant, philosophical ways in which they disagree e. Glover thinks that people often manage to find agreements and consensus through philosophy.

He says that at the very least, if people do not convert each other, they will hold their own beliefs more openmindedly and will be less likely to go to war over conflicting beliefs. The British philosopher Stephen Law has described some belief systems including belief in homeopathy , psychic powers , and alien abduction as " claptrap " and said that they "draw people in and hold them captive so they become willing slaves to victory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the general concept. For other uses, see Belief disambiguation.

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Thinking portal Psychology portal Sociology portal. Journal of Mind and Behavior. Retrieved 3 June The purpose of belief is to guide action, not to indicate truth. The Journal of Philosophy. In Halligan, Peter W. The Power of Belief: Psychological Influence on Illness, Disability, and Medicine. A Critique of Physicalism. A Reply to Williams". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Knowledge, Beliefs and Economics.

Edward Elgar Publishing 1 Jan , pages,. Delusions and Other Irrational Beliefs. Belief formation, organization, and change: Cognitive and motivational influences. Zanna, The Handbook of Attitudes — Religion, in most cultures, is ascribed, not chosen. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. Can't Buy My Love: The Psychophysiology of Trauma and Trauma Treatment. Inside the Mind of Microsoft.

Plato on Knowledge and Forms: The Foundations of Knowing. University of Minnesota Press.

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Readings in contemporary epistemology. Against relativism and constructivism , Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press , Chapter2, p A further test of a subjective probability model". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. University of California Press. An empiricist's view of the nature of religious belief. Norwood Editions Norwood, Pa.

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A Testimony to the Truth ' ". Archived from the original on 3 December Steve Georgiou on his faith and mentor, minimalist poet Robert Lax". Theodore 18 October The Marriage of Religion and Education". Archived from the original on 7 September Retrieved 19 May Archived from the original on Some Christians share this belief. At the time of the American Civil War of , many Southerners used passages from the Bible to justify race-based slavery. Certain campaigners have used the Christian religion as a reason to persecute and to deny the rights of homosexuals, on the basis that the Christian biblical God disapproves of homosexuality, and by implication of homosexuals.

Carlile, London, at page When a person rejects reason as their standard of judgment, only one alternative standard allegedly remains to them: A mystic is a person who treats feelings as tools of cognition. Faith is the equation of feeling with knowledge. To practice the "virtue" of faith, one must we are told be willing to suspend one's sight and one's judgment; one must be willing to live with the unintelligible, with that which cannot be conceptualized or integrated into the rest of one's knowledge, and to induce a trance like illusion of understanding.

One must allegedly be willing to repress one's critical faculty and hold it as one's guilt; one must be willing to drown any questions that rise in protest—to strangle any trust of reason convulsively seeking to assert its proper function as the protector of one's life and cognitive integrity.

The presumed human need for self-esteem entails the need for a sense of control over reality—but no control is possible in a universe which, by one's own concession, contains the supernatural, the miraculous and the causeless, a universe in which one is at the mercy of ghosts and demons, in which one must deal, not with the unknown, but with the unknowable; no control is possible if a person proposes, but a ghost disposes; no control is possible if the universe is a haunted house.

A person's life and self-esteem require that the object and concern of his or her consciousness be reality and this earth—but morality, people are taught, consists of scorning this earth and the world available to sensory perception, and of contemplating, instead, a "different" and "higher" reality, a realm inaccessible to reason and incommunicable in language, but attainable by revelation, by special dialectical processes, by that superior state of intellectual lucidity known to Zen-Buddhists as "No-Mind," or by death.

A person's life and self-esteem require that this person take pride in their power to think, pride in their power to live—but morality, people are taught, holds pride, and specifically intellectual pride, as the gravest of sins. Virtue begins, people are taught, with humility: A person's life and self-esteem purportedly require the person to be loyal to their values, loyal to their mind and its judgments, loyal to their life—but the essence of morality, people are taught, consists of self-sacrifice: A sacrifice, it is necessary to remember, means the surrender of a higher value in favor of a lower value or of a nonvalue.

If one gives up that which one does not value in order to obtain that which one does value—or if one gives up a lesser value in order to obtain a greater one—this is not a sacrifice, but a gain. Remember further that all of a person's values allegedly exist in a hierarchy; people value some things more than others; and, to the extent that a person is rational, the hierarchical order of the person's values is rational: That which is inimical to their life and well-being, that which is inimical to their nature and needs as a living being, the person disvalues. Conversely, one of the characteristics of mental illness is a distorted value structure; the neurotic does not value things according to their objective merit, in relation to the person's nature and needs; they frequently value the very things that will lead them to self-destruction.

Judged by objective standards, they are engaged in a chronic process of self-sacrifice. They must learn to do violence to their own rational judgment—to reverse the order of their value hierarchy—to surrender that which their mind has chosen as the good—to turn against and invalidate their own consciousness. The Specter of Speciesism: Belief Systems, Religion, and Behavioral Economics. Links to related articles. Outline of epistemology Alethiology Faith and rationality Formal epistemology Meta-epistemology Philosophy of perception Philosophy of science Social epistemology.

Christian philosophy Scholasticism Thomism Renaissance humanism. Kyoto School Objectivism Russian cosmism more Formalism Institutionalism Aesthetic response. Atomism Dualism Monism Naturalism. By region Related lists Miscellaneous. Natural law Women in philosophy Sage philosophy. Major religious groups and religious denominations. Eschatological verification Language game Logical positivism Apophatic theology Verificationism. Augustinian theodicy Best of all possible worlds Euthyphro dilemma Inconsistent triad Irenaean theodicy Natural evil Theodicy.

Criticism of religion Ethics in religion Exegesis History of religion Religion Religious language Religious philosophy Relationship between religion and science Political science of religion Faith and rationality more Activism Argument Argumentum ad populum Attitude change Censorship Charisma Circular reporting Cognitive dissonance Critical thinking Crowd manipulation Cultural dissonance Deprogramming Echo chamber Education religious , values Euphemism Excommunication Fearmongering Historical revisionism Ideological repression Indoctrination Media manipulation Media regulation Mind control Missionaries Moral entrepreneurship Persuasion Polite fiction Political engineering Propaganda Propaganda model Proselytism Psychological manipulation Psychological warfare Religious conversion forced Religious persecution Religious uniformity Revolutions Rhetoric Self-censorship Social change Social control Social engineering Social influence Social progress Suppression of dissent Systemic bias Woozle effect.

Axioms tacit assumptions Conceptual framework Epistemology outline Evidence anecdotal , scientific Explanations Faith fideism Gnosis Intuition Meaning-making Memory Metaknowledge Methodology Observation Observational learning Perception Reasoning fallacious , logic Revelation Testimony Tradition folklore Truth consensus theory , criteria.

Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz. Retrieved from " https: Belief Epistemology Truth Psychological attitude Propositional attitudes Religious belief and doctrine. All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June Articles needing the year an event occurred from April Articles with unsourced statements from November Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November Articles containing potentially dated statements from All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November Commons category link is on Wikidata Use dmy dates from May Views Read Edit View history.

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