The species is considered medicinally important in tribal, Ayurvedic, siddha, unani, and allopathic systems, and different parts are used for various purposes. Santals and ethnic communites of Sagar use leaf in gonorrhoea and syphilis. Different parts of the plant are used in tribal, Ayurvedic, and allopathic systems for treatment of many diseases.
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Dendrophthoe falcata Lf Etting Ethnic communities of Tejpur Assam , Chhotanagpur Gharkhand , Mayurbhanja Orissa employ the plant in antifertility, while the tribals of Bastar Chhatisgarh use the same for treatment of impotency. The plant is recognized as medicinal in Ayurvedic and allopathic systems. Different parts of the plant are used by the Mundas in a number of diseases. In allopathic system of medicine too this species is considered important.
While Cakradatta holds roots beneficial in menorrhagia, almost all Ayurvedic authors prescribe different parts of the plant for treatment of a number of diseases. Totos of West Bengal, ethnic communities of Orissa and Abujhmarh reserve area find different parts of the plant useful for diverse diseases. While ethnic communities of Madhya Pradesh, and some ancient Sanskrit works recommend the use of fruits mainly for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery and some skin diseases. Later Ayurvedic works recommend aqueous extract of green fruit in menorrhagia.
Ethnic communities of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh use the parts of the plant in some diseases, and in allopathic system alcoholic extract of the plant is considered as spasmogenic. Some Sanskrit works, including the ayurvedic texts, recommend use of different parts of the plant for a large number of diseases, but not for.
Medicinal importance of the species is recognized by some ethnic communities and in many Ayurvedic works. In the Ayurvedic system the stem-bark and leaves are recommended in dysmenorrhoea. It is considered by some modern botanists as an economically important species. According to some Ayurvedic works this species is beneficial for semen and in vaginopathy. Bhoxas and ethnic communities of eastern Rajasthan use latex in spermatorrhoea; while many other tribal societies use different parts of the plant for various diseases.
In ayurvedic system the bark is used in seminal weakness, leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea. In modern science the bark decoction is considered for antifertility. While many communities use different parts of the plant in treatment of various diseases. Manipuries use the juice of pith in menorrhagia and spermatorrhoea. In Ayurvedic, siddha and allopathic systems the species in considered medicinally Manipuris and ethnic communities of Sagar Madhya Pradesh employ the bark in gonorrhoea.
The Ayurvedic works state that different parts of the plant are useful in sex-debility, night pollution, and to cure disorders in the female sex organs. In allopathic system also the species is treated as medicinal. Mundas and Oraons use tuber for antifertility purpose. Santals and Garhwalis and ethnic communities of Orissa use tuberous roots for abortion. Rajanigantu, Madangnighantu and Bhavaprakasa consider it as abortifacient, while Cakradatta maintains that application of root-paste ensures easy delivery of child. According to Susruta the plant is useful in post-natal complaints.
Allopathic system also recognize the medicinal importance of the species. Medicinal properties of the species have been enumerated in many Ayurvedic works, and according to modern science the root-extract is estrogenic. Ethnic communities of Hazaribagh and Ranchi districts Jharkhand find root-bark and seed useful as abortifacient. The Ayurvedic system also consider the roots and seeds as abortifacient. In modern science, gossypol-a chemical obtainable from root, stem, and seed is a safe antifertility drug for male. Grewia rhamnifolia Heyne No further information could be collected. No further information could be collected.
Manipuris and the ethnic communities of Salsette island near Mumbai use different parts of the plant for various purposes, and in modern system of medicine too it has many applications but not for any purpose of family welfare. Manipuris employ juice of flowers in amenorrhoea. Bodos, use root in menstrual complaints and gonorrhoea. Ethnic communities of Kamrup Assam use flowers as contraceptive, whereas ethnic communities of Hazaribagh Jharkhand use flowers in impotency, and also to accelerate child birth; ethnic communities of Ranchi Jharkhand use bark as abortifacient, ethnic communities of Saurashtra Gujrat employ flowers in menorrhagia.
In Ayurvedic system roots and flowers are used in seminal weakness, menorrhagia, and venereal diseases; in unani system too flowers are utilized in menorrhagia. In siddha and allopathic systems also the species is considered as medicinally important. Don Mundas use root and leaf iI1' excessive hemorrhage after child birth. Ethnic communities of Abujh-Marh Madhya Pradesh find bark useful in menstrual difficulties.
Many tribal communities of India use different parts of the plant in various diseases. In Ayurvedic, siddha, and unani systems the species is used against wide range of diseses. In allopathic system, alcoholic extract of fruits is used to regulate menstruation and in many other ailments. Santals, Garhwalis and Kashmiris use the grains in various diseases. In ayurveda, unani and allopathy systems the species in considered important medicinally.
Many ethnic communities of India eat the flowers as vegetable. In modern science the alcoholic extract of root is regarded as antiviral and spasmolytic. Ethnic communities of Hazaribagh and Ranchi Jharkhand employ stem is gonorrhoea, whereas ethnic communities of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra find stem, leaf and flowers beneficial for treatment of some diseases.
In Ayurvedic system stem extract is used in gonorrhoea and a galactagogue, while other parts in treatment of different diseases. In modern science, the alcoholic extract of the plant is considered as spasmolytic. It is used in Ayurvedic system for orthopedic purposes. Ethnic communities of Jharkhand, Oriassa and Madhya Pradesh use various parts of the plant in different diseases.
Mcbride Various parts of the plant are used by diverse ethnic communities of India in a number of other diseases. In Ayurvedic systems flowers are used in menorrhagia. No information could be collected. In ayurveda it is considered as a medicinal plant fit for treatment of many other diseases. Bodos, Khasis, and some other ethnic communities of Assam and West Bengal use different parts of the plant in various ailments.
Ethnic communities of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh: Powder of stem-bark is prescribed in ayurveda for treatment of amenorrhoea.
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Some ethnic communities of West Bengal use the root for facilitating child-birth, whereas some tribal societies of Assam find the root beneficial in antifertility. In ayurveda, decoction of the plant is used in wounds in vagina and for vaginal plugging. Seed-oil is utilized in strengthening the erectile muscle of penis. Ethnic communities of Madhya Pradesh consider bark as contraceptive, while Dangs use the same in syphilis. Todas , Kotas, Irulars, and ethic communities of Jharkhand use bark and gum as abortifacient, whereas bark and leaf are used in menstrual complaints by Nayadis. Many other ethnic communities apply different parts of the plant in a number of ailments and diseases.
In Ayurvedic and unani systems too all the parts of the plant are treated as medicinally important. Ethnic communities of Sagar Madhya Pradesh use flowers in diarrhoea and cholera, whereas many other communities eat different parts of the plant as vegetable. In ayurveda, decoction of root is prescribed in irregular menstruation, and leaves in prolapse of uterus. Ethnic communities of Jharkhand employ stem and root as abortifacient; while some tribal societies of West Bengal and Haryana use latex in various diseases.
In ayurveda, different parts of the plant and latex are used in a number of ailments. This species occupies important position in Ayurvedic and tribal systems as medicine for many other diseases. Ethnic communities of Jharkhand apply leaf as abortifacient. This species occupies an important position in tribal and Ayurvedic systems of medicines mainly for its antibacterial properties.
Some ethnic communities of Bihar use flowers in antifertility. In ayurveda, the grains are used in many other diseases. Some ethnic communities of Jharkhand apply fruits in vaginal complaints. In ayurveda, the fruits are used to treat semens and leucorrhoea. The fruits have wide application in tribal and Ayurvedic systems in many diseases. Nayadis apply stem and leaf to facilitate child birth.
Assamese use fruits in antifertility. In ayurveda, the fruits are used in gonorrhoea and also to improve the quality of semen. In Sikkim and Darjeeliing root, stem and fruits are used in leprosy and cough. Pistacia chinensis Bunge ssp. In ayurveda, the species is used in few diseases. In tribal and Ayurvedic systems bark, leaf, and flowers are used as medicine of other diseases.
Ethnic communities of Sagar district use seeds are abortifacient. In tribal and Ayurvedic systems, the wood is used in many diseases. Ethnic communities of Ranchi and Hazaribag disricts use bark in gonorrhoea. In tribal and Ayurvedic systems this species is used in many other diseases. Ethnic communities of Ranchi and Hazaribag districts apply seeds as abortifacient. Seeds of the plant are used in many diseases in ayurveda and by some tribal societies of India.
Ethnic communities of Ranchi, Hazaribag and Varanasi districts consider the plant useful in venereal diseases. Ethnic communities of Delhi area use seeds in spermatorrhoea and gonorrhoea. In Ayurvedic system root-extract is used in leucorrhoea and menorrhagia. Different parts of the plant are used in many other diseases in Ayurvedic and tribal systems. In ayurveda, the species is recognised as medicinal. Garos use flowers in child birth, whereas some ethnic communites of Madya Pradesh apply roots in veneral diseases.
Ethnic communities of Jaintia, Mayurbhanj, Contd Sagar and Dehradun districts use different parts of the plant in many other diseases. Garhwalis and ethnic communities of Sagar district use leaf to treat inflammation of testicles. Leaves and fruits of the species are widely used in tribal and Ayurvedic systems. Different parts of the plant are used in many diseases in tribal and Ayurvedic systems. Stem of the plant is used by some ethnic communities of Jharkhand to prevent miscarriage. Bark is used in ayurveda to prevent miscarriage and in treatment of leucorrhoea.
Besides these, different parts of the plant are used in ayurveda for treatment of various ailments. Ethnic communities of diverse regions of India use the fruits in many diseases but not in the physiology of reproduction. In Ayurvedic system the kernel of seed is used to treat the semen, and fruits are used in many other diseases.
Some ethnic communities of Mirzapur use the fruits in menstrual complaints, while in the tribal and Ayurvedic systems of medicine the fruits have wide application in many other diseases. Santals use different parts of the plant for many other diseases; no other information about the medicinal use of the species could be collected. Ethnic communities of Bastar use the seeds as abortifacient, whereas ethnic communities of Mayurbhanja employ flowers to treat antifertility. Tribal societies of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh apply the root for the same purpose.
Ethnic communities of Mirzapur use the stem to increase vitality and ensuring better sexual life. Ethnic communities of Salsette islands employ the plant in menstrual disorder, while ethnic communities of Purulia use the plant in veneral Contd Different parts of the plant are used by various ethnic communities of India as medic'ne in many other diseases.
Extract and decoction of this plant are used in many diseases in Ayurvedic systems. Ethnic communities of Santal Parganas apply the stem as galactagogue, whereas tribal societies of Jaintia Hills and Terai region use stem and leaf for other diseases. The species is regarded as medicinal in Ayurvedic system. Ethnic communities of Medinipur employ the roots as galactagogue. Ethnic communities of Meghalaya, Assam, Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh use different parts of the plant as medicines for many other diseases.
In Ayurvedic system too various parts of the plant are used in many diseases. While straw is used to make soles of grass shoes by ethnic communities of Lahul. The grains have medicinal use in the Ayurvedic system. Ethnic communities of Dhasan Valley find the root beneficial in leucorrhoea. Some ethnic communities of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Kerala use different parts of the plant in many diseases.
In Ayurvedic system the extract of stem is given in irregular menstruation. Some ethnic communities of Maharashtra and Goa eat the seeds. It is an important plant in Ayurvedic system. Extracts of leaf and stem are used in many diseases. Dunal Roots and leaves are used by many ethnic communities as medicines in many other diseases. In Ayurvedic system, powder of root is used for improvement of semen and in many other diseases. Some ethnic communities of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh use flowers in treatment of ailments related to pregnancy. Ethnic communities of Bhagirathi Valley and Dhasan Valley employ flowers in menorrhagia, whereas many ethnic communities of India use various parts of the plant in a number of diseases.
In Ayurvedic system flowers are used in treatment of semen and menorrhagia besides some other diseases. In tribal medicines, different parts of the plant are used in many diseases, but not in the ailments connected with physiology of reproduction. Treatment of semen To improve the quality of semen, drugs having sweet taste madhurausadha should be administered to a man Sarirasthana, ch.
Regimens for a son of excellent qualities Caraka states that if a lady desires to procreate a son having the following quaJities- i a massive body, ii fair complexion, iii strength like that of a lion, iv vigour, v strong mind, then she should eat a thin gruel mantham , prepared by boiling white barley with the milk of a white cow having a white calf, for a period of one week starting from the first day of her purificatory bath after the menstruation Sa. Caraka states that for this purpose some Vedic rites too should be performed by the couple desiring the child.
In this rite, the priest should offer the wood of Butea monosperma Lamk. Sticks of Butea monosperma palasa should be used to bind the limits of the alter of the yajna, while stems of Desmostachya bipinnata Stapf. Pumsavana Pumsavana is a sacrament performed by a pregnant lady out of the desire of having a male child. Caraka states that the pregnant lady should be administered pumsavana therapy before the manifestation of the sex of foetus.
There are many steps in the pumsavana therapy, but only those steps which involve use of vegetal materials are enumerated below. A During the conjunction of pusya star with moon, the lady should be made to drink curd mixed with either two grains of Phaseous radiatus L. Don, or Pentaptera tomentosa Bedd. C The lady, during pusya conjunction, should inhale the steam emanating from the paste of grains of Oryza sativa L.
Measures for maintenance of pregnancy According to Caraka Sa. Druce or Terminalia chebula Retz. Caraka continues that during pusya conjuction the lady should take bath in water boiled with these articles. Further, she should consume milk or ghee in which drugs have been boiled. She should also use, in the above manner, all the medicinal elements mentioned under jivaniya vitalizing group.
Management of miscarriage Sometimes during the forth month of pregnancy or there-after bleeding starts from the genital tract of the pregnant lady. If immediate attention is not given to rectify this abnormality, it may lead to miscarriage. The steps which involve the use of vegetal materials are outlined below: A After laying the pregnant lady with her lags upwards and the headside downwards, a cool cotton Swab, dipped in ghee and mixed with the powder of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
Yastimadhu , should be placed over the vagina. B The entire body of the lady, below the navel, should be sprinkled with extremely cold cow milk, decoction of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Yastimadhu , and the same of Ficus benghalensis L. C After bathing her with cold water, cotton swabs, dipped in the latex of latex of laticiferous trees and the juice of trees having astringent taste Ksirinam Kasayadrumanam , should be placed inside the vagina. D The lady may be given milk or ghee boiled with the bud sunga of Ficus benghalensis L.
E Pollens of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Kumuda , Nymphaea caerulea Savign. F Seeds of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. G She may be given to drink the milk in which buds of Ficus benghalensis L. I Callicarpa macrophylla Vahll Prunus mahaleb L. H She may be give to eat soft, fragrant and cold rice of red variety of Oryza sativa L.
Sweet I Abutilon indicum L. Sweet I Sida rhombifolia L. I Lilium 'polyphyllum Doni Zizphus napeca Willd. Regimens for a pregnant lady For ensuring appropriate growth of the foetus within the womb and for maintenance of proper health of the pregnant lady, Caraka prescribes monthwise regimen for the entire period of pregnancy Sa. The lady should consume wholesome food, constituted of adequate quantity of milk and rice, twice daily. Gradually drugs having sweet taste, honey, ghee, butter, etc.
During the seventh month, Caraka observes, Kikkisa white abdominal lines appear on the skin of abdomen of the pregnant lady, because of the pressure of the growing foetus. Caraka prescribes the following measures for the management of such a condition: A She should be given one tola approximately 12g of butter boiled with certain selected sweet drugs madhurausadhi along with decoction Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Kola to drink regularly. B The following should be applied over her breast as ointment: I Brassica nigra L. Don Kutaza , seeds of Ocimum basilicum L. I Bacopa monnieri L.
I Ocimum basilicum L. C Oil, in which leaves of Nerium indicum Mill. D Mfusin should be given with water boiled with Aganosma dichotoma Roth K. Treatment of udavarta During the eigth month of pregnancy the pregnant lady may suffer from udavartaan acute condition in the abdomen along with constipation. This condition, if not properly attended to, may cause death of the foetus alone or along with the pregnant lady.
This particular mixture should be prepared by boiling in milk the roots of the undermentioned plants: Kusa , Saccharum spontaneum L. Nash virana , Hygrophila schulli Buch. Kasmarya , Grewia asiatica L. To this decoction should be added the paste of Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Facilitating easy delivery Sometimes delivery does not take place on time in spite of severe labour pain. In this situation certain measures, according to Caraka, should be adoted to facilitate the delivery.
Bennet cirabilva , Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton ela , Gloriosa superba L.
And the maternituy home should be fumigated with bark of Betula utilis D. Don Bhurja and the pith of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Removal of placenta Sometimes the placenta does not come out immediately after delivery. To bring out the placenta Caraka suggests certain steps, some of which include the use of vegetal materials. These are enumerated below: A Vagina of the progenitress should be fumigated by burning the bark of Betula utilis D.
Don bhurja along with quartz and slough of snake. B In the genital tract of the progenitress should be placed a cotton swab soaked in oil boiled with Catunaregum spinosa Thunb. Tirvengadum madana , Ferula narthex Boiss. With this oil she should be given unctuous enema. Roem dhamargava , Luffa echinata Roxb.
Gimuta , Holarrhena pubescens Buch. Don kutaja , and Scindapsus officinalis Schott. Preparation of the drinks are mentioned below. A paste of Saussurea lappa c. Clarke kustha and Abies spectabilis D. Don talisa should be mixed with either of the following: E Caraka prescribes another drink for the progenitress. It states that a paste of Elettaria cardamommum L. Maton suksamaila , Cedrus deodara Roxb.
Clarke kustha , Zingiber officinalis Roxb. Then the mixture should be sieved, and the remaining liquid form the drink. Management of mother after delivery Caraka suggests sa. He says that power of Piper longum L. The quantity of this should be in conformity with the capability of the said mother to digest.
The main food, however, should be a liquid gruel boiled with Piper longum L. Some of these data are briefly mentioned below: Controling sexual urge It is said that the daily drinking of juice of five leaves of Aegle marmelos Corr. Continuous use of this drink may cause deep slumber of sperms. Prevention of pregnancy The oil of Azadirachta indica A. External application of this oil over genital organ in useful. Consumption of the paste of root of Piper betle L. It is said that if a lady repeats this process continuously for a few months, she becomes barren permanently.
A woman may be made infertile with the aid of Artemisia maritima L. The lady should consume a soft drink containing the paste of the root approximately 3 gm of this herb once daily, during the first three days of menstruation, for few oconsecutive months. It is said that consumption of leaf paste of Cordia dichotoma Forst. K Plants of Ramayana. The Santals and Disease. K Wild plant foods of the tribals of Bastar Madhya Pradesh.
K Medicinal plantlore of the tribals of the Bastar. Its scope and study. Deep Publications, New Delhi, India. C A Note on the worship of the Pipal tree in Bengal. C The mango tree in the marriage ritual of the aborigines of Chotanagpur and Santalis.
- Linganno di Tangentopoli: Dialogo sullItalia a ventanni da Mani Pulite (Tempi) (Italian Edition).
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- BURY MY HEART AT WRIGLEY FIELD: THE HISTORY OF THE CHICAGO CUBS - WHEN THE CUBS WERE THE WHITE STOCKINGS;
C On the cult of the tree-goddess in eastern Bengal. Man in India 2: C to Studies in Plant Myths, J. C Medicinal plants used by tribals of Mayurbhanj Orissa. C Plants associated with Durga Puja ceremony in W. C Magico-religious belief about plants among adibasis of Bihar. C Tribal folklore about some plants associated with eye treatment. C Observation on folklore about plants used in veterinary medicine in Bengal.
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C and Jain, S. Naya Prokash, Kolkata, India. Man in India Evolution of a Discipline pp. Traditional healing facts sheet 4. National activities concerning medicinal plants 5. Herbal treatments for various diseases 6. Other popular herbal products and their uses 7. Challenges in drug discovery from medicinal plants 9.
Statistical figures as marker for popularity of herbal drugs The advent of genomic research and new molecular tools has culminated into highly specific biological assays that are employed routinely in industrial drug discovery program. High throughput screening methods in conjunction with combinatorial chemistry have significantly impacted the lead compound generation and drug discovery processes. Resultantly, crude drugs have been replaced by pure chemical drugs and the developed countries have experienced a decline in popularity of medicinal plant therapy.
However, the route of a compound from drug discovery to the clinic is much longer and is controlled by multiple factors, consequently, the pendulum has swung again and there is a resurgence of interest in study and use of medicinal plants primarily due to one or more of the disadvantages of chemical drugs as listed below: Coimbatore based AVP Arya Vaidya Pharmacy , by introducing chyawanaprash - an admired health tonic that helps boost energy, memory and immunity - in the form of a biscuit, has been the pioneer in this respect.
The product has been developed bearing the tastes of both new and old generation in mind. All ingredients of chyawanaprash have been retained in the biscuit so as to ensure better health, enhance immunity and energy of the consumer. The biscuit will soon hit the export market. Punarnava Ayurveda - another ayurveda firm based in Coimbatore - is also planning to launch ayurvedic biscuit that will contain all essential ayurvedic ingredients.
There has been an explosion of alternative treatments and the therapeutic potential of herbal medicines cannot be ignored and is highlighted in few examples provided below Crone and Wise, Feverfew has been used since ancient times for curing fever, headache, menstrual irregularities, and stomach discomfort. It is very beneficial in case of migraine headaches and provides relief by reducing their frequency and severity.
The leaves contain an active component, parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone. This compound has activity as a serotonin antagonist, which inhibits release of serotonin from platelets, and prevents or reduces blood vessel spasm. The action of feverfew is believed to be similar to migraine agents such as methysergide Tyler, Ginger has been used as an effective antiemetic for motion sicknessinduced nausea.
Active components are contained in the volatile oil or oleoresin, which can be extracted by brewing an herbal tea from pieces of ginger root Tyler, Powdered ginger capsules or ginger tea has been successful in reducing the nausea brought about by medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor agents. Recently, extracts of ginger were found to be most powerful, among several plant extracts tested for antifungal activity Ficker et al. It has been found to be effective against a wide variety of fungi some of which were highly resistant to amphotericin Band ketoconazole.
Milk thistle Silybum marianum is used by cirrhotic patients because of its putative ability to slow liver damage. Ripe fruit from the milk thistle plant is used to derive a concentrated extract known as silymarin Ferenci et al. In vitro as well as animal and human studies suggest that silymarin protects hepatocytes from the toxic effects of substances such as carbon tetrachloride and phalloidin amanita mushroom. In humans exposed to hepatotoxins, silymarin has been able to reduce the likelihood of developing more extensive liver failure.
Silymarin is thought to act by the presence of a large number of flavonolignans, which work on the cell membrane to prevent the entry of toxic substances into the hepatocyte. Protein synthesis is also stimulated, which accelerates the regeneration and production of new hepatocytes. Standardized milk thistle extract has been used by Wilasrusmee et al. They found that lymphocyte proliferation consistently increased and the effect was associated with an increase in interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin The effect increased in a dose-dependent manner.
Milk thistle extract has been found to promote neuronal differentiation and survival, suggesting potential benefits of chemicals contained in this plant for the nervous system Kittur et al. Growth is shifting toward emerging markets for traditional plant-based remedies which are back in use and find increasing patronage strengthened by their application as: The production, consumption and international trade in medicinal plants, which provide an eco-friendly and complementary alternative medicine [CAM], are growing and expected to grow in future quite Significantly.
CAM comprises a relatively new frontier of medical research. Herbals are moving from fringe to mainstream Malik, India is one of the eight important Vavilovian centers of origin and crop plant diversity. It is immensely rich in medicinal and aromatic plants occurring in diverse ecosystems. Like all other old cultures, in India the plant medicines have been used both for primary health care as also remedies. The indigeneous knowledge has been formulated, documented and eventually acquired the shape of the organized four sub-systems of traditional Indian medicine: Advances in phytochemistry led to extraction of a number of active principles of medicinal plantsl herbs, which became an indispensable part of modern drug manufacturing.
Ayurveda "Ayurveda", an ancient system of health care, native to the Indian subcontinent roughly translates as the "knowledge of life". According to Charaka, "life" itself is defined as the "combination of the body, sense organs, mind and soul, the factor responsible for preventing decay and death, which sustains the body over time, and guides the processes of rebirth" Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia; http: According to this perspective, Ayurveda is concerned with measures to protect" ayus", which includes healthy living along with therapeutic measures that relate to physical, mental, social and spiritual harmony.
Ayurveda is also one among the few traditional systems of medicine to contain a sophisticated system of surgery which is referred to as "salya-chikitsa". Three traditions of Ayurveda exist today: However, Ayurvedic remedies prior to these traditions also exist, as mentioned in the earlier Vedic literature 2nd millennium BC. Ayurveda operates on the precept that various materials of vegetable, animal, and mineral origin have some medicinal value. Ayurvedic medicaments are made from herbs or mixtures of herbs. These are made either alone or in combination with minerals, metals and other ingredients of animal origin.
The metals, animals and minerals are purified by individual processes before being used for medicinal purposes. In the early 20th century, Ayurvedic physicians began to organize into professional associations to promote their case for national recognition and funding; which became a reality after independence of India in Ayurveda is now a statutory, recognized medical system of health care in India. An Encyclopedia on Ayurveda - Ayushveda. In certain states in India, Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita are included in the curriculum of modern medical courses M.
The gold ash consisted of Realgar Arsenous sulphide , lead oxide, pure gold, and latex. The material was free from organic compounds. Animals treated chronically with Swarmabhasma showed significantly increased activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, two enzymes that reduce free radical concentration in the body. It is also used to refer to Graeco-Arabic or Unani medicine based on the teachings of Hippocrates, based on the four humours Phlegm Balgham , Blood Dam , Yellow bile Safra and Black bile Sauda - it seems to mean hard substance and black material.
Though the threads which comprise Unani healing can be traced all the way back to Claudius Galenus of Pergamum, who lived in the second century of the Christian Era, the basic knowledge of Unani medicine as a healing system was collected by Hakim Ibn Sina known as Avicenna. The time of origin is dated at Circa AD in Persia. As an alternative medicine, Unani has found favor in Asia, especially India.
In India, Unani practitioners can practice as qualified doctors, as the Indian government approves their practice. Unani medicine is very close to Ayurveda. Both are based on theory of the presence of the elements in Unani, they are considered to be fire, water, earth and air in the human body. According to followers of Unani medicine, these elements are present in different fluids and their balance leads to health and their imbalance leads to illness. Most medicines and remedies often common herbs and foods used in Unani are also used in Ayurveda.
While Unani was influenced by Islam, Ayurveda is associated with Vedic culture. The base used in Unani medicine is often honey. Honey is considered by some to have healing properties and hence is used in food and medicines practiced in the Islamic world. Real pearls and metals are also used in the making of Unani medicines depending on the kind of ailment it is aimed to heal Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia; http: Siddha In the ancient period Indian saints handled the plants and herbs for long life with better health and lived for several years.
The sages were called Rishis in the North and Siddhars in the South and their systems were known as Ayurveda and Siddha. According to Siddha predictions, it is known to the world that Lord Siva taught the Siddha principles and philosophies to Matha, Sri Parasakthi. After that the Siddha principles were presented to the followers of Lord Siva and Sakthi, to Siddhars, starting with Siddhar Nantheesar, then to Siddhar Thirumoolar, Agathiyar and other disciples along with the 18 Siddhars and so on.
All the Siddhars adopted the principles of Saiva Siddhantham. It is an excellent philosophical theory to human beings with holy life. In all Siddhars, Agathiyar was considered the prominent leader with his later guru Lord Subramaniyar. All the Siddhars taught their principles along 46 c. They brought the secrets in the palm leaves manuscripts with several code words for their understandings.
In later stages, those code words were not clear and were not known to the next generations except the followers of hereditary and traditional people of Siddha medicines. Most of their predictions are classified with several formulations which could be followed and adopted according to the land, climate and age, severity of the disease, food and circumstances Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia; http: These three vital forces of cosmic elements are named under three Thosham, or Mukkuttram and this is activated by the functions of Punchaboothas. According to this theory, all the substances in the universe are created under the actions or reactions of the Punchaboothas only.
Even for disease also, disease occurs in the living objects body by means of less quantity of the ratio of the Punchaboothas only. If the ratio differs from one to another any disease may attack the body human beings, animals, birds, flies etc. Siddhars in olden days followed and adopted the principles for preparing all medicines like herbal, minerals and metals. They cautioned the administration of certain Bhasmas, and Sinduras, which are well oxidized stages of metals and minerals, and advised for in taking periods, diet restrictions, according to the age, climate and land etc.
Siddhars classified the diseases in different topics and accounted the total diseases for human body as diseases. They mentioned about the curable and incurable diseases along with the symptoms of the body and predicted the concerned, proper medicines also. Siddhars thoughts are derived to the medicines for curing toughest and chronic diseases like, cancer, brain tumors, blood cancer, cardiac diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, oesteoarthritis etc.
All the Siddha preparations are doing wonders from patient to patient with better ailments. Nowadays the trained traditional Siddha practitioners are doing well, even with the old highest proficiency processes which were kept by their ancestors and some people make challenges with other systems for healing and curing diseases like AIDS diseases. Generally with this system several processes are there to improve the haemoglobin as well as the immunization of the AIDS patients without any side effects. More and more herbal preparations are predicted from one Siddhar to another with different kinds of Herbals.
Very simple Herbal processes are advised by the Siddhars for the diseases like migraine, sinusitis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gynaecological disturbances, leucoderma and psoriasis, asthmatic attacks, piles and fistula, rheumatisms, dental problems etc. Siddha system of science is the most effective and valuable system for the human beings in all occasions without any side effects. Everybody can follow Siddha system of medicine even for the whole family and even for the entire earth in all circumstances.
Siddha system of science is an everlasting principle to the world. Naturopathy Naturopathic medicine is a school of medical philosophy and practice that seeks to, improve health and treat disease chiefly by assisting the body's innate capacity to recover from illness and injury. It may include a broad array of different modalities, including manual therapy, hydrotherapy, herbalism, acupuncture, counseling, environmental medicine, aromatherapy, nutritional counseling, homeopathy, and so on.
Practitioners tend to emphasize a holistic approach to patient care. Naturopathy has its origin in the United States, but is today practiced in many countries around the world in one form or another, where it is subject to different standards of regulation and levels of acceptance. Naturopathic practitioners prefer not to use invasive surgery, or most synthetic drugs, preferring "natural" remedies, i.
Licensed physicians from accredited schools are trained to use diagnostic tests such as imaging and blood tests before deciding upon the full course of treatment. Naturopathic Practitioners also employ the use of prescription medications and surgery when necessary and refer out to other medical practitioners. Conventional medicine is required to undergo rigorous testing; drug trials often lasting for a decade. A criticism of alternative therapies is that they are not subject to detailed safety assessment.
Advocates of naturopathy respond that many of their therapeutic interventions have been in use for hundreds and in some cases thousands of years: Restrospective analysis of various herbal agents, have found some to be as or more effective than their pharmaceutical equivalents, whereas others to have little therapeutic value, and a few to be harmful. Also of concern is the ambiguity of the word "natural" and poor agreement as to its meaning. Naturopathic modalities may be controversial e. Some naturopaths may use these modalities as panacea or to improve the patient's quality of life.
Seshagirirao, University of Hyderabad, India , medical herbalism, herbal medicine, herbology, botanical medicine and phytotherapy, is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of whole plants, plant parts and plant extracts. Tyler defines herbal medicines as "crude drugs of vegetable origin utilized for the treatment of disease states, often of a chronic nature, or to attain or maintain a condition of improved health. Herbs have been portrayed as "wonder drugs" whose healing properties 48 c.
There is evidence that suggests Neanderthals living 60, years ago in present-day Iraq used plants for medicinal purposes found at a burial site at Shanidar Cave, Iraq, in which a Neanderthal man was uncpvered in He had been buried with eight species of plants. These plants are still widely used in ethnomedicine around the world.
The plant parts used include seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark and flowers. In Cherokee medicine three categories of herbs can be distinguished Winston, The "food herbs" are gentle in action, have very low toxicity, and are unlikely to cause an adverse response. These herbs can be utilized in substantial quantities over long periods of time without any acute or chronic toxicity it is important to note that allergic responses like with foods are possible, as are unique idiosyncratic reactions, and even common foods such as grapefruit juice, broccoli, and okra can interact with medications. The second category is the "medicine herbs".
These herbs are stronger acting - they need to be used with greater knowledge dosage and rationale for use for specific conditions with a medical diagnosis and usually for a limited period of time. These herbs are not daily tonics and they should not be taken just because "they are good for you".
These herbs have a greater potential for adverse reaction and in some cases, drug interactions. The last category is the "poison herbs". These herbs have strong potential for either acute or chronic toxicity and should only be utilized by clinicians who are trained to use them and clearly understand their toxicology and appropriate use.
The first generally accepted use of plants as healing agents was depicted in the cave paintings discovered in tlle Lascaux caves in France, which have been radiocarbon dated to between 13, - 25, Be. Plants have an almost limitless ability to synthesize aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted derivatives such as tannins. In many cases, these substances esp. Many of the herbs and spices used by humans to season food yield useful medicinal compounds. The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants Samuelsson, have accelerated in recent years.
Herbal medicines are now in great demand in the developing world for primary health care not because they are inexpensive but also as they have better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with the human body and minimal side effects. Pharmacologists, microbiologists, botanists, and naturalproducts chemists have galvanized into action together, combing the earth for phytochemicals that could be developed for treatment of various diseases.
The use of herbs to treat diseases is almost universal among non-industrialized societies. A number of 'traditions came to dominate the practice of herbal medicine in the Western world at the end of the twentieth century: Many of the pharmaceuticals currently available to Western physicians have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including opium, aspirin, digitalis, and quinine. Herbal medicine is a major component in all traditional medicine systems and a common element in ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional Chinese medicine, and Native American Indian medicine.
Major pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant materials gathered from the rainforests and other places for possible new pharmaceuticals. Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine. The widespread use of herbal remedies and healthcare preparations, as those described in ancient texts such as the Vedas and the Bible, and obtained from commonly used traditional herbs and medicinal plants, has been traced to the occurrence of natural products with medicinal properties.
The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in most developing countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health, has been widely observed UNESCO, Furthermore, an increasing reliance on the use of medicinal plants in the industrialised societies has been traced to the extraction and development of several drugs and chemotherapeutics from these plants as well as from traditionally used rural herbal remedies UNESCO, Moreover, in these societies, herbal remedies have become more popular in the treatment of minor ailments, and also on account of the increasing costs of personal health maintenance.
Herbal Cures: Traditional Approach
Indeed, the market and public demand has been so great that there is a great risk that many medicinal plants today, face either extinction or loss of genetic diversity. In western countries, growing numbers of patients rely on CAM for preventive or palliative care: The Chinese herbal remedy Artemisia annua has been found to be effective against resistant malaria and couid give hope of preventing many of the , deaths among children from severe malaria each year. The efficacy of acupuncture in relieving pain and nausea has been well established. Convincing evidence shows that therapies such as hypnosis and relaxation techniques can alleviate anxiety, panic disorders and insomnia.
Other studies have shown that yoga can reduce asthma attacks while tai ji techniques can help the elderly reduce their fear of falls. In South Africa, studies on the plant Sutherlandia microphylla show efficacy in increasing energy, appetite and body mass in people living with HIV.
Asia and Pacific Australia - Traditional Chinese medicine has been practiced in Australia since the 19th century. Bhutan - More than medicinal plants are used in Bhutanese traditional medicines. There are more than herbal products produced in Bhutan. China - Traditional Chinese medicine is fully integrated into China's health system. India - ayurveda, siddha and unani systems of medicine have coexisted with yoga, naturopathy and homeopathy for centuries.
Traditional Indian medicine is provided in Indian hospitals. At the end of , there were manufacturers of traditional medicines, 92 of which were large-scale industries. Thailand - Thai traditional medicine draws from Chinese and Indian traditions. By , Thai traditional medicine was integrated into the facilities of health centers. The Vietnam National Association of Acupuncture has 18, members, of whom work in public hospitals.
Some of the acclaimed valuation works done in the last 15 years have been considered for this purpose. Their methodologies have been scrutinized, findings evaluated and policy recommendations examined. Since these studies were meant to address different concerns, it is difficult to arrive at a general conclusion. Conservation of biodiversity based on the benefits of medicinal plants or bioprospecting is the subject of dissenting views.
A conservation strategy on the basis of the benefits of bioprospecting alone will need detailed area-specific study instead of a general and large landscape valuation. Training is in separate colleges, of which there are now over These offer a basic biosciences curriculum followed by training in a traditional system. Thirty years on, however, the Department of Indian Systems of Medicine has expressed concern over the substandard quality of education in many colleges, which in the name of integration have produced hybrid curriculums and graduates, unacceptable to either modern or traditional standards.
The department has made it a priority to upgrade training in Indian systems of medicine Cho, Focusing primarily on the Indian Scenario entirely, it is imperative to state that Alternative systems of medicine have picked up in the country. It encompasses AllIndia ethnobiological project for the development of drugs from medicinal plants and herbs for promotion of ethnopharmacological research. It also monitors All-India Co-ordinated project on Conservation of Endangered Plant species; maintenance of living herbaria or plant gardens that feed traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani and Sidha.
Another initiative is Germplasm Bank, Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary Tamil Nadu, where, more than 40 species of medicinal plants are maintained and protected. Examples are Manilkara hexandra to treat jaundice, Salvadora persicum to treat ulcers; Mucuma purata used for preparation of a health tonic. Priorities for Indian systems of medicine include education, standardization of drugs, enhancement of availability of raw materials, research and development, information, education and communication, and larger involvement of this type of medicine in the national system for delivering health care.
The government is adding 10 traditional medicines into its family welfare programme, funded by the World Bank and the Indian government. Medicines are available for anaemia, oedema during pregnancy, postpartum problems such as pain, uterine, and abdominal complications, difficulties with lactation, nutritional deficiencies, and childhood diarrhoea Departments of Indian Systems of Medicine and HQmeopathy, New regulations were introduced in July to improve Indian herbal medicines by establishing standard manufacturing practices and quality control.
The regulations outline requirements for infrastructure, manpower, quality control and authenticity of raw materials, and absence of contamination. Of the licensed manufacturers of traditional medicines, those who qualify can immediately seek certification for good manufacturing practice. The government has also established 10 new drug testing laboratories for Indian systems of medicine and is upgrading existing laboratories to provide high quality evidence to licensing authorities of the safety and quality of herbal medicines.
This replaces an ad hoc system of testing that was considered unreliable. Randomized controlled clinical trials of selected prescriptions for Indian systems of medicine have been initiated. These will document the safety and efficacy of the prescriptions and provide the basis for their international licensure as medicines rather than simply as food supplements Departments of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy, Medicinal plant-related trade in India is estimated to be around Rs.
In India, of the 17, species of higher plants, are known for medicinal uses. This proportion is the highest for plants known for their medical purposes than in any other country of the world. The Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council, under the Ministry of Commerce, along with Ayush ayurveda, yoga, unani, siddha and homeopathy is working on to standardize some herbal products and register the product through a research panel.
The Government is proposing to resource map all medicinal plants available in the country. Indian Scenario India has a rich culture, traditions and natural biodiversity, hence offers a unique opportunity for drug discovery studies. This knowledge-based country is well recognized for its heritage of the world's most ancient traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda.
Even, Dioscorides who influenced Hippocrates is thought to have taken many of his ideas from India. We in India have two Eastern Himalaya and the Western Ghats of the 18 hotspots of plant biodiversity in the world. We are rich in our own flora, i. With the dwindling population of taxonomists and rare introduction of youngsters in this field, it might take another years with the current pace to survey the complete flora of the country.
Every application shall be accompanied by a fee of Rs 10, The Authority on being satisfied with the merit of the application, may grant the approval as far as possible within a period of six months of receipt of the same. One has to specify each time the quantity to be collected of exact species, quantum of monetary and other incidental benefits and also guarantee to deposit a reference sample of the biological material sought to be accessed with the repositories identified and submitting to the authority a regular status report of research and other developments.
However, according to the Biodiversity Act , a citizen of India need not seek permission of NBA for the access of biodiversity, but one has to inform the respective State biodiversity boards for collection of plant material. As the process of plant-based drug discovery involves continuous collection of plant material from different places at various point of time, it is rather impractical to wait for obtaining permission each time. At the same time, the authorities cannot also give blanket permission for any collector. We have to find a way out. A lot of field experience and wide floristic knowledge is required if one wants to go for the random collection programme required for preliminary screening.
Once found active, target plant collection in bulk quantity may be a problem due to its threatened status in some cases, or biomass and scattered distribution in others. Authentication of plant material is an important and most crucial factor in plant-based drug discovery. This needs to be supported by a set of suitable voucher specimens of the target species authenticated by a botanist and then deposited with a recognized herbarium.
Reproducibility of the results depends on various other factors too. Proper collection procedures need to be laid and documented. Collection practices should ensure long-term survival of wild populations and their associated habitats. Management plans for collection should provide a framework for setting sustainable harvest levels and describe appropriate collection practices that are suitable for each medicinal plant species and plant part used.
This should also include good field documentation, use of global positioning system to pinpoint site locations, mapping of sites and availability of good supporting databases. In case of tree or shrub species where root or bark is being used or found active, phytochemical and biological evaluation of leaves, twigs, stems, flowers and fruits must be done in order to ensure sustainable utilization of the plant.
Potential herbs have an added advantage over others, as the bulk quantity and quality of target material can easily be assured through cultivation using Good Agricultural Practices GAP and Good Collection Practices GCP. Another important issue here is the pharmaceutical evaluation of rare or endangered species. According to the Govt. After collection, the drying procedures that vary for different plant materials may alter the chemical properties of the material.
Right kind of packaging procedures adopted in order to avoid fungal infection, also need to be carefully worked out before transportation of material to the laboratory. Processing of plant materials mainly includes pulverization and then preparation of extracts. DBT initiated the network programme on 'Bioprospecting of biological wealth using biotechnological tools' during the 9th plan in 13 institutions.
The objectives of the programme were characterization of biodiversity in different agro-ecological regions, bioresearches mapping, inventorization and monitoring of biological diversity, characterization and conservation of Himalayan endangered species, including medicinal and aromatic plants, and bioprospecting of molecules and genes for product development. The data obtained from the first phase of bioprospecting are subjected to detailed investigation, with a focus on product and process development and then commercialization. The programme began in , and intends at discovering new bioactive molecules from plants, fungi, microbes, insects, etc.
NMITLI started a major herbal drug development programme for developing effective herbal remedies for diabetes, arthritis and hepatic disorders, which has shown highly encouraging results within a short period of time. In order to screen thousands of plant species at one time for as many bioassays as possible, we need to have a collection of a large number of extracts.
Internationally, there is a dire need to build natural products extract libraries. The extract libraries offer c. Though some institutions have small plant extract libraries available in India, they do not happen to be in public domain. The gifted and love 1This fear will stop him. But his desire for love, his idealistic side will often push him beyond. It is a very great strength. Because if we have our weaknesses, we also have strengths. The pleasure of nipples in menNipple Gay Mark is a young Gay that the pleasure of nipples puts in a trance. Click here to learn how to experience endless orgasm with your nipples?
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