For this reason, a number of fieldwork campaigns were conducted in several Roman cities across different regions of the ancient Roman Empire in order to study the configuration of those landscapes and the possible integration of the sky during the buiding processes.
At the present, our group has the largest sample of orientations of Roman settlements so far, and here it is shown the preliminary results of an statistical analysis which may offer new answers to the various still open questions in Roman urbanism, often faced from conservative views. Change in silica sources in Roman and post- Roman glass. Although Roman and post-Empire glasses found in Europe are reputed to have a very constant composition and hence source of components, it appears that some th century and later specimens show evidence of a different source of silica sand component.
Zirconium and titanium are the discriminating elements. Data presented here for specimens from 1st to 4th century German and Belgian samples indicate a strongly homogeneous Zr and Ti content; N: If the high values of Zr-Ti represent a new source of silica sand the trend from low to high content suggests that a significant amount of low Zr-Ti glass was recycled to form these glass objects. Similar high Ti content can be seen in analysis results reported for other but not all th century samples found in northern Europe while earlier productions show typical low Ti contents.
Although the fusing agent for these glasses seems to have always been natron a mineral deposit in the Nile delta from Hellenistic times to the 9th century, a change in the silica source, indicated by variation of the Ti and Zr content, could very well reflect the results of political instability of the th century exemplified by the fragmentation of the Roman Empire into two parts. We study the Greek and Roman mythology using the network theory. We construct a directed network by using a dictionary of Greek and Roman mythology in which the nodes represent the entries listed in the dictionary and we make directional links from an entry to other entries that appear in its explanatory part.
We find that this network is clearly not a random network but a directed scale-free network. Also measuring the various quantities which characterize the mythology network, we analyze t Dead space near the detector edge is minimised by using two novel "edgeless" detector technologies. The silicon detectors are Comparative investigation of mortars from Roman Colosseum and cistern. The different techniques provided consistent results that the mortar of the Colosseum is mainly calcareous lime, while the mortar of the cistern is pozzolanic siliceous material.
The study highlights the capabilities of the different methods for the analysis of cement. Putting Roman Dams in Context: Water resources and management have become a critical global issue. During the half-millennium of its existence, the Roman Empire developed numerous strategies to cope with water management, from large-scale urban aqueduct systems, to industrial-scale water mills designed to cope with feeding growing city populations. Roman engineers encountered, adopted, and adapted indigenous hydraulic systems, and left lasting imprints on the landscape of the Mediterranean and temperate Western Europe by employing a range of water technologies.
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- Un grand maître dunkerquois: Il les séduit et les séquestre (Polars en Nord t. 99) (French Edition).
A recent academic study has enabled the identification of remains of and references to seventy-two dams from the Roman era, constructed in Spain between the 1st and 4th century AD. Such unique heritage, without comparisons in the Mediterranean makes Spain an emblematic case study for the analysis of Roman hydraulic engineering and water management policies.
Fifty dams have been located and detailed. The twenty-two outstanding, although identified on the ground, have not been able to be acceptably characterized, due in some cases to their being ruins in a highly degraded state, others due to their being masked by repairs and reconstructions subsequent to the Roman era. A good example of such neglected dams is the buttress dam of Consuegra , in Toledo province Castilla-La Mancha. Dating to the 3rd - 4th century AD, the Dam of Consuegra, on the basin of the Guadiana, with its over metres length and 4,80 metres height, is a remarkable case of Roman engineering mastery.
It had a retaining wall upstream, numerous buttresses and perhaps an embankment downstream, of which no remains are left. The application of 3D digital imaging technique to create a high quality virtual model of such monuments has proved to be successful especially for the study of the technological aspects related its construction. The case study of the Roman dam of Muel Zaragoza has shown, in fact, as best practices in digital archaeology can provide an original and.
Full Text Available This paper is based on the study of Roman silver coins, from archaeological sites located in Roman Dacia and Pannonia. Initially centred on the record of hybrid silver coins, the paper expanded its analysis on counterfeit pieces as well in order to fully understand all problems of roman silver coinage from the 1stto the 3rd centuries AD.
The new and larger area of research had more than one implications, coin distribution on the studied sites, influx of coin in the province, quantity of recorded counterfeited pieces being just some of them. Thus every situation was discussed in different chapters, first presenting the coins and the laws that protected them, the studied sites and the analyse of the silver coins on these sites, the general and compared situation between the provinces, interpretation of the counterfeited and hybrid pieces and finally, conclusions on the subject. All these tasks have been achieved one step at a time, each archaeological site providing precious data which piled up and was finally pressed in order to present the correct historical situation.
The Gate of Heaven: Revisiting Roman Mithraic Cosmology. The definition and origins of Roman Mithraism remain highly problematic and controversial among modern scholars. The majority of research on Roman Mithraism focuses on interpreting the physical evidence because no considerable written narratives or theology from the religion survive. The most important Mithraic artifact is a repeated bull-slaying scene, which leaves no doubt that this figure conveys the core divine message of the cult. There is also another important Mithraic character that seems to be as important as the bull-slayer.
This figure is a lion-headed man entwined by a snake. The author suggests that these figures represent the north ecliptic pole and argues for the importance of this astronomical reference in the Mithraic iconography and mythology. The author also demonstrates the possible relation of his proposed astrological model to the geocentric understanding of the axial precession around the ecliptic pole, where the Roman bull-slaying Mithras could be visualized in the form of a Mithraic constellation.
This astrological model also is proposed to be the architectural design concept of Roman Mithraeum. The author also points to the core Christian symbols as possible contemporaneous parallels or derivatives of the Mithraic iconography and theology. Roman sophisticated surface modification methods to manufacture silver counterfeited coins. By means of the combined use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS , optical microscopy OM and scanning electron microscopy SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDS the surface and subsurface chemical and metallurgical features of silver counterfeited Roman Republican coins are investigated to decipher some aspects of the manufacturing methods and to evaluate the technological ability of the Roman metallurgists to produce thin silver coatings.
The results demonstrate that over ago important advances in the technology of thin layer deposition on metal substrates were attained by Romans. The ancient metallurgists produced counterfeited coins by combining sophisticated micro-plating methods and tailored surface chemical modification based on the mercury-silvering process.
The results reveal that Romans were able systematically to chemically and metallurgically manipulate alloys at a micro scale to produce adherent precious metal layers with a uniform thickness up to few micrometers. The results converge to reveal that the production of forgeries was aimed firstly to save expensive metals as much as possible allowing profitable large-scale production at a lower cost.
Finally, some information on corrosion products have been achieved useful to select materials and methods for the conservation of these important witnesses of technology and economy. Most studies of Roman local administration focus on the formal structures of power, as defined by imperial laws, urban institutions and magistracies.
Diet, social differentiation and cultural change in Roman Britain. This study uses stable isotope analyses d 13 C and d 15 N of human bone collagen to reconstruct the diet of three Romano-British first to early fifth century AD populations from Gloucestershire in South West England. Gloucestershire was an important part of Roman Britain with two major admini Roman Catholic Church and media in information age. Full Text Available Roman Catholic Church in the modern information age extensively exploits opportunities of traditional and new media.
It has always been trying to be a dynamic and successive participant in the global information space. However, the media has become not only the most important attribute of the information society but also one of the most valuable instruments of religious authority.
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Diffractive dijet search with Roman pots at CDF. The dijet events exhibit additional diffractive characteristics such as rapidity gaps and boosted center-of-mass systems. Roman impact on the landscape near castellum Fectio, The Netherlands. Castellum Fectio was one of the largest fortifications along the Limes, the northern border of the Roman Empire.
The castellum, situated 5 km southeast of Utrecht, the Netherlands, was occupied from around the start of our Era to ca. It was situated along a river bend of the Rhine that was. Acoustics of ancient Greek and Roman theaters in use today. In the Mediteranan area a large number of open, ancient Greek and Roman theatres are still today facing a busy schedule of performances including both classical and contemporary works of dance, drama, concerts, and opera. Ulpian's Appeal to Nature: Roman Law as Universal Law.
In this paper I argue that against the political and perhaps even religiously motivated background of the Constitutio Antoniniana, in order to further enhance the appeal of Roman law, Ulpian seeks to connect law and nature by using Stoic terminology. However, his usage of this terminology is. Edith Wharton's " Roman Fever": A Rune of History. Asserts that " Roman Fever" responds to a reactionary political climate, demonstrating an anti-reactionary thrust to Edith Wharton's fiction.
Argues that Wharton deserves credit for articulating the destructive character of a cultural misogyny that led quickly to what she saw in as "a world whizzing Full Text Available In this paper the author presents the evolution of the cartographic representation of Roman Dacia in the recent studies of archaeology and ancient history, focusing especially on the lacunas and main problems of foreign non — Romanian maps, appeared in the last decade in the international scholarship.
The purpose of this paper is an attempt to examine infanticide practices in the Roman Christian era and interrogate infanticide and child euthanasia in the same era. It also attempts to point out infanticide practices in Abuja and makes a distinction between infanticide and child euthanasia in Abuja.
On the acoustics of ancient Greek and Roman theaters. The interplay of architecture and acoustics is remarkable in ancient Greek and Roman theaters. Frequently they are nowadays lively performance spaces and the knowledge of the sound field inside them is still an issue of relevant importance. Even if the transition from Greek to Roman theaters can be described with a great architectural detail, a comprehensive and objective approach to the two types of spaces from the acoustical point of view is available at present only as a computer model study [P.
Kang, "Acoustic evolution of ancient Greek and Roman theaters," Appl. This work addresses the same topic from the experimental point of view, and its aim is to provide a basis to the acoustical evolution from Greek to Roman theater design.
Out of place: Displacement and collective return of Maya refugees | Catherine Nolin - theranchhands.com
First, by means of in situ and scale model measurements, the most important features of the sound field in ancient theaters are clarified and discussed. Then it has been possible to match quantitatively the role of some remarkable architectural design variables with acoustics, and it is seen how this criterion can be used effectively to define different groups of ancient theaters. Finally some more specific wave phenomena are addressed and discussed. The ecclesiastical situation of the first generation Roman Christians. The Gentile Christians were mainly from a foreign background.
Genren diskuteres i et teoretisk, historisk og analytisk perspektiv. Remembering the Enemy in Silius Italicus' Punica. This book offers a new reading of Hannibal in Silius Italicus' Punica and provides fresh insight into how the Romans remembered their past. Silius Italicus' Punica, the longest surviving epic in Latin literature, has seen a resurgence of interest among scholars in recent years.
Roman Toi kaks suurt armastust: Such expressions are extremely important inthat they bring forth the aesthetic and artistic value of literary texts. For this reason, theseexpressions need to be translated into appropriate corresponding expressions in the targetlanguage. Implicit expressions are culture-bound; for this reason a translator may facedifficulties when he is transferring them to the target language a factor which may causesome of the artistic and aesthetic value of the original text to be lost. Archaeobotanical reconstructions of vegetation and report of mummified apple seeds found in the cellar of a first-century Roman villa on Elba Island.
In the late Roman Republic period 2nd-1st century BC , in the area of San Giovanni on Elba Island, previously subject to intense extraction of iron ore, a rustic villa was established by Marco Valerio Messalla, a supreme Roman magistrate. The foundations of the walls were discovered and excavated by an archaeological mission. Palaeobotanical analysis of a set of stratigraphic layers was performed. Palynological slides showed remains of palynomorphic and non-pollen objects, while data combined with anthracological investigations confirmed the hypothesis that in the 1st century AD the villa was destroyed by a fire that created a compact crust under which were discovered four broken Roman amphorae containing about five hundred apple seeds.
Comparisons of archaeological and fresh seeds from reference collections showed discontinuous morphology except for one group of archaeological samples. DNA was isolated from seeds that had well-preserved embryos in all groups. DNA extracts from archaeological, wild and modern domestic seeds controls were amplified by PCR and tested with SSR molecular markers, followed by genome analysis. Published by Elsevier SAS. State Ownership of the praeda bellica during the Roman Republic. Full Text Available From a Public Law perspective, and with particular regards to the subject of public property, this paper examines the praeda bellica as an asset belonging to the Roman people during the times of the Republic.
Through an analysis of the ownership of the praeda bellica, the research intends to provide an in depth understanding of legal and proprietary relationships shaping the Public branch of the Law. Phytochemicals and bioactivity in wild German and Roman chamomiles infusions. Natural matrices represent a rich source of biologically active compounds and are an example of molecular diversity, with recognized potential in drug discovery. In the present work, the infusions of Matricaria recutita L. German chamomile and Chamaemelum nobile L. Roman chamomile were submitted to an analysis of phenolic compounds and evaluation of bioactivity.
Phenolic compounds were characterized by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode a Looking for Colour on Greek and Roman Sculpture. The Polychromy of Antique and Medieval Sculpture. Liebighaus Skulpturensammlung, Frankfurt am Main, New scientific methods now being applied to the analysis of traces of pigments and gilding on ancient Greek and Roman marble statuary, and other marble artefacts, have the potential to revolutionise our understanding of the relationship between form and colour in antiquity. At present the enquiry is still Early Roman military fortifications and the origin of Trieste, Italy.
An interdisciplinary study of the archaeological landscape of the Trieste area northeastern Italy , mainly based on airborne light detection and ranging LiDAR , ground penetrating radar GPR , and archaeological surveys, has led to the discovery of an early Roman fortification system, composed of a big central camp San Rocco flanked by two minor forts.
The most ancient archaeological findings, including a Greco-Italic amphora rim produced in Latium or Campania, provide a relative chronology for the first installation of the structures between the end of the third century B. According to archaeological data and literary sources, the sites were probably established in connection with the Roman conquest of the Istria peninsula in B. They were in use, perhaps not continuously, at least until the foundation of Tergeste, the ancestor of Trieste, in the mid first century B.
The San Rocco site, with its exceptional size and imposing fortifications, is the main known Roman evidence of the Trieste area during this phase and could correspond to the location of the first settlement of Tergeste preceding the colony foundation. This hypothesis would also be supported by literary sources that describe it as a phrourion Strabo, V, 1, 9, C , a term used by ancient writers to designate the fortifications of the Roman army. Bone tuberculosis in Roman Period Pannonia western Hungary.
Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to analyse a skeleton adult female, years that presented evidence of tuberculous spondylitis. The biomolecular analyses supported the morphological diagnosis. Tourist valorization of roman imperial city Felix Romuliana. Full Text Available The tourism industry is a great potential for the development of Serbia. The main characteristics of the existing and potential tourist offer of Serbia are interesting and diverse natural resources and cultural and historical heritage. The palace was built in the late third and early fourth century, as a testamentary construction.
This is where the Roman emperor was buried and included among the gods. One of the key tasks of this paper is to point out ways of promoting and popularizing this tourism potential that can be used as a resource for the development of cultural tourism and as such strengthen the position of Serbia''s tourist offer in Europe.
The aim of this paper is contained in the presentation of the site Felix Romuliana and extraction of the most important attractiveness through valorization, which on the bases of historical and cultural significance may be activated for tourism purposes. Illyrian colonists in roman Dacia. Full Text Available The present study attempts at grasping, as encompasing as possible, the process of acculturation undergone by peregrins from the Illyrian territories, a process that continued after their colonization in Dacia.
The analysis follows the specific forms of organization of the various gentes arrived from Dalmatia kastella, vicus, principes, noting the organized character of the colonization of these dalmatians, specialists in gold extraction. They were brought in compact groups and had their own institutions. The onomastic study took into consideration all persons who, through their names, relatives or origin, can be identified as illiri.
Four groups of people have been identified, each illustrating a stage in their acculturation reflected in the onomastic system. In the field of religious life, one can note a continuous oscillation between the preservation of ancient values and the borrowing of new religious forms, which eventually lead to the colonized Illyrians assuming a new cultural identity.
Learning Latin, acquiring Latin names, and adopting Roman gods indicates in historical terms their Romanization. In the funerary field, they were more conservative. As a funerary phenomenon, incineration with the deposition of calcined remains in ritually burnt pits is attributed to populations colonized in Dacia from the Dalmatian area. As for the inventory of their tombs and their funerary monuments on the other hand, one notes that they took over Roman material culture and used monuments that follow the canons of provincial art.
The traces of roman metallurgy in Eastern Serbia. Full Text Available The archaeological traces of the Roman mining and metallurgy in eastern Serbia are rather frequent but insufficiently studied and published. Three mining-metallurgical regions abounding in gold, silver, copper, iron and lead could be distinguished there: The archeometallurgical sites confirmed by investigations are: Roman mining-metallurgical activities in eastern Serbia flourished from the end of the 3rd century, were interrupted by the invasion of Huns in AD The Roman mining-metallurgical centers functioned in the 6th century until the Slav invasion in the beginning of the 7th century.
The regenerative medicine coalition. Interview with Frank- Roman Lauter. Frank- Roman Lauter, Secretary General of the recently launched Regenerative Medicine Coalition, explains how the coalition was formed and what they hope to achieve. Frank- Roman Lauter's interest is the organization of academic infrastructures to promote efficient translation of research findings into new therapies. Recently, he cofounded the international consortium of Regenerative Medicine translational centers RMC; www. Trained as a molecular biologist at the Max-Planck Institute in Berlin-Dahlem and at Stanford, he has 16 years of experience as an entrepreneur and life science manager in Germany and the USA.
Identification of green pigments from fragments of Roman mural paintings of three Roman sites from north of Germania Superior. Roman mural green pigment painting fragments from three Roman sites in the north of the Roman province Germania Superior: In this sample, green earth and calcium carbonate were identified by SR-XRD and, additionally, malachite by Raman spectroscopy. Modelisation des effets physico-techniques pour la conception des Roman Jakobson contre Leo Spitzer: The direction of quickly changing emperors was represented on status of the competitions.
Medications and their use in the Graeco- Roman era. Although the Corpus Hippocraticum 5th century BC, with minor Egyptian influence, contained no text of medicines as such, and seemed to prefer regimen to medicaments, it nevertheless laid the foundation for the empirical use of pharmacotherapy free of superstition and magic for the next millennium. The first Greek herbal was produced by Diocles in the 4th century BC, when the botanist Theophrastus also wrote his classic works on plants which contained a significant contribution on herbal medicines.
The Alexandrian Medical School systematized and expanded Hippocratic medicine, and Herophilus introduced compound preparations. The concept that medicaments cure illness by restoring the bodily balance of humours and primary properties was largely perpetuated, but new views on physiology were gradually emerging. Unfortunately the bulk of original contributions from Hellenistic doctors are lost to posterity and only known to us through the writings of for example Celsus and Galen in Roman times.
The interesting history of theriac, the so-called universal antidote, is reviewed. In the 1st century Dioscorides produced his Materia Medica which remained an authoritative pharmacopoeia up to modern times. Retrospectively it is clear that with the exception of certain analgesics and narcotics like opium, Graeco- Roman medicaments were pharmacologically inert even toxic and obtained positive results largely through a placebo effect.
X-ray fluorescence analysis and optical emission spectrometry of an roman mirror from Tomis, Romania. The miscellaneous population of Roman Empire, their diverse cultural tradition, their ability to assimilate the roman civilization spirits, had determined a permanent reassessment superimposed upon the roman contribution. Analysis was undertaken using optical emission spectrometry and non-destructive X-ray fluorescence. X-ray fluorescence analysis is a well-established method and is often used in archaeometry and other work dealing with valuable objects pertaining to the history of art and civilization.
Roman mirror analysed has been found not to be made of speculum a high tin bronze. A set of Roman glass fragments, excavated at Sevilla and dated in the 5th century A. Using a simple quantification method, based on the indirect charge calculation on the sample by monitoring the X-ray induced by the proton beam on the exit window, the composition of the glasses has been determined.
From the obtained results, the use of soda as flux has been inferred and colouring manufacture procedures have been identified. Greek or Roman historical personages in the Quixote. Full Text Available This paper concentrates on the presence of Greek or Roman historical personages in Don Quixote, offering the passages with the pertinent commentary and notes. Following a chronological order, and indicating in brackets the number of mentions, we have: Analysis of metals with luster: Roman brass and silver.
Non-destructive PIXE analysis using in-air proton beam was used for the studies of earliest brass coins issued during the 1st century BC by Greek cities in Asia Minor, Romans and Celts, and for the studies of plated low grade silver coins of the 3rd century AD. The analysis determined the levels of zinc and important trace elements, notably selenium, which confirms spread of selenium-marked copper from the east.
For plating, combined tinning and silvering was identified by the mapping technique for the mid 3rd century AD, which evolved into mere plating by AD. Archaeometrical studies of Greek and Roman silver coins. The elemental analysis provided evidence of a great variety of monetary alloys and helped Romanian archaeologists to classify the coins, in terms of their provenance, as originals, copies or imitations minted in different areas of the Balkan-Carpathian region.
Full Text Available Review of: At present the enquiry is still in its infancy, but the papers delivered at a conference held in Frankfurt in , reviewed here, provide a general introduction to the subject and to a wide range of work in progress. Hairstyles in the arts of Greek and Roman antiquity.
Styling one's hair seems to be an innate desire of humans to emphasize their beauty and power. As reviewed here, hairstyles were influenced by preceding cultures, by religion, by those depicted for gods and emperors on sculptures and coins. In addition, they were determined by aspects of lifestyle such as sports, wealth, and the desire to display inner feelings. The historical changes in fashions can be exemplarily followed by a visitor to an art collection of Graeco- Roman antiquity.
The study of hairstyles permits an insight into very basic aspects of the self-conception of individuals and of the respective societies. Peter Arcudius is the key person because it was his theological doctrine that in brought on the Counsil decision about the trans-substantiation of particles. The Honey-lips et The Guarani: Evolution of adoption from Roman law to modern law. Full Text Available The work is dedicated to the evolution of adoption practice from ancient Roman law to modern law.
Adoption represents ancient social and legal practice which has during time changed manifestations and the causes it served. Adoption in ancient Rome served the interests of pater familias without biological posterity. Adoption practice benefited the continuance of families and the family cult of adopters, whose family lines, with no natural posterity, were threatened to become extinct.
After the stagnation in the feudal epoch, adoption was reaffirmed in the bourgeois law. Civil codes in European countries, whose legal systems were built on the foundations of the ancient Roman legal tradition, originally favoured the interests of individuals with no biological children, who were granted to extend their families by adopting, and hence transfer their assets on the obtained heirs. After the wars in the 20th century, which led to a rapid increase in the number of parentless children, the concept of adoption was radically changed, so that since that time the adoption has primarily served the interests of the adopted children and the care for them in the adoptive families.
Adoption becomes a form of a social, legal family protection of children without adequate parental care, and that is the most desirable form to provide for children, for the adoptee completely integrates with the adoptive family and takes the right of the born child, where the family environment provides and encourages the optimal mental and physical development of the child.
The silicon detectors are used both for precise track reconstruction and for triggering. The first full-sized prototypes of both detector technologies as well as their read-out electronics have been developed, built and operated. We present the test beam results demonstrating the successful functionality of the system despite slight technical shortcomings to be improved in the near future. Ribbed vaults appeared in the Romanesque churches of Alsace from about , notably at the abbey church of Murbach and the collegiate church of Lautenbach.
This form of vaulting was subsequently found in many small buildings with single naves. In basilical churches, the naves covered with ceilings gave way, during the second half of the twelfth century, to spaces at first marked with discrete rythms, then with more vigour. Towards , the interiors were characterised by strongly stated ribs. These dimly lit spaces suggest formal designs that were very different from the ones being developed at the same time by the architects of the Ile-de-France region. The writer demonstrates attention to creative film structures and he uses it to compose his text.
In rewriting a scene from a Sergio Leone film, he assimilates into his textual material two processes: Civili, langue des Baloango. Des racines et des ailes. Long-distance commuting patterns, or how to conciliate professional and personal lifeLong-distance commuting patterns appear to be increasing in Europe over the last ten years. These raising mobility patterns lead to reappraise the Zahavi conjecture and appear largely inexplicable by the classical rational actor paradigm traditionally used in transportation research. In literature, commuting is mainly explained by residential contexts, urban forms and job.
Nevertheless this theoretical frame says little about the decision-making processes themselves. Based on a qualitative survey conducted in three European countries - France, Belgium and Switzerland — among a population of high commuters, this paper proposes an analysis of. Notice is hereby given of the following determinations: Wooden combs from the Roman fort at Vechten: Abstract Excavations in the late 19th century and surveys carried out in the s have produced 12 boxwood combs from the Roman fort at Vechten NL.
They are to be considered waste material that was dumped in the river Rhine which in the Roman period ran just north of the camp. Road Sign Romanization in Oman: The Linguistic Landscape Close-Up. Throughout the Arab Gulf States, bilingual road signs are the norm, employing both Arabic and a romanized counterpart for the large expatriate population. The existing romanization is inconsistent, with potentially misleading variant spellings of place names signposting the region. This study provides a linguistic analysis of signs on the arterial….
This paper will give a short overview of use of COMSOL Multiphysics for analyzing ancient Greek and Roman catapults with the main focus on the energy storing torsion springs. Catapults have been known and used in the Greek and Roman world from around BC and a fully standardized design for pow Roman Catholic schools have been part of the state-funded system of education in England and Wales since the s.
The present study employed data collected during the s to compare a range of religious, social,…. Maritime trade contacts of Odisha, east coast of India with the Roman world: The present state of Odisha previously known as Kalinga, Utkal,Odra and Orissa lies on the east coast of India, and is known forits maritime contacts with the Roman world since the early histori-cal period, if not earlier.
For each case a short description is provided, a clear distinction between assumptions and facts is made, and an updated bibliography can be found at the end of each entry. The open access database can serve both as a reference work and as a starting point for further research in Roman Republican history. It could be a connecting link within the developing digital infrastructure for that era. Full Text Available Sassanid replaced migrating nomads and tribes with urbanization system and concentration of population. Sassanid desire to increase the population was due to the fact that population is the core of urban systems and focus-oriented system.
Sassanid tried marching to Syria and Asia Minor to gain population. Immigrant Roman population was accommodated in newly established cities. Romans had structured and deep thinking about urban development, such that their territory was made up of urban units which were connected through a system of roads and bridges. Romans innovation in urban development can be summed up in creating military cities. Sassanid urbanization after the Parthians was influenced by Roman urbanization which is most visible in the shape of Sassanid cities. In this study, while examining cities and urbanization in Sassanid reign and Roman Empire, their influence on each other and their similarities and differences in their urbanization methods were also investigated.
The in visibility of the gods in the Greco- Roman world and of God in Greco- Roman world and in Hellenistic Judaism when reference was made to Roman poet best known for the Metamorphoses, a book continuous The Roman and Islamic spice trade: Tropical spices have long been utilized in traditional medicine and cuisine. New archaeological evidence highlights temporal changes in the nature and scale of the ancient spice trade and in the ancient usage of these plants. Furthermore, a study of their 'materiality' highlights that the impact of spices extends beyond their material properties.
Here the botanical remains of spices recovered from archaeological excavations at a port active in the Roman and medieval Islamic spice trade are evaluated. Recent excavations at Quseir al-Qadim, an ancient port located on the Red Sea coast of Egypt, have provided new evidence for the spice trade. Fifth, with barter or payment in kind as the operative scattered here and scattered there, were forests means of exchange.
Peddlers with miscellaneous where wood was cut either for construction, for wares passed through town from time to time, their domestic fuel, for making farm implements and mules as often as not laden with contraband goods household utensils, or for charcoal. And sixth, high from Andorra or France. Everything won from the land the valley.
People lived much as their forbearers had, was won with human labour or the help of draught within the physical and mental confines of the place animals. Few machines, certainly no tractors, were in which they were born. Solanell, by any course of the previous century, but the lure of milk contemporary standards, may be said to have production accelerated the process of depopulation endured chronic deficiency in this regard Table 3. Many families were unable to The list of things lacking is seemingly endless, but accumulate enough resources to make the crossover the absence of a school is particularly noteworthy.
Other families did manage to marshal enough an hour or so from Solanell on foot. Having children capital to become small-scale dairy farmers. The return home was advantageous, but more than two money they received in return, alas, fell short of the hours of potential labour was lost in their travelling amount needed to secure goods and services they back and forth each day. Other towns in the region formerly furnished themselves but now had to pay were even more unfortunate, for greater distance for as part of a new economic order.
Only a few between home and school resulted in children being savvy folk were able to adapt their land and their boarded, thus cutting them off from their families lives to the relentless advance of a cash mentality, a during most of the week. The effects of this removal mentality insensitive to and corrosive of traditional meant systematic socialization to ways other than mountain mores. Local, decidedly finding employment far from home. Towns like Pyrenean reasons for town abandonment and Solanell thus gradually became abodes of old population decline must also be looked for.
The manner in which children cultivable land, steepness of terrain, shortage of were schooled, in essence, educated them to leave. The After lunch we walked around a little more. As we entered the church at best resulted in stagnation, at worst in progressive itself, it was impossible not to feel the need for some disintegration as individuals and entire families left kind of prayer Figure 5.
Particles of dust hovered in to seek work elsewhere in Catalonia, or even farther a shaft of sunlight. Wooden pews lay pushed to the a field in Zaragoza or Madrid. A panel on the altar, singular in the extreme, decisions to close schools in which at least twenty had been painted over with the figure of a skeleton, pupils were still in attendance are remembered by a perfect visual metaphor Figure 6.
We were there, local inhabitants with a bitterness that time has yet I realized later, to mourn the loss not of one soul but to erase. Yet moves to reopen schools where perhaps Outside the sky echoed with the sound of birds only five children will be enroled, commendable and crickets. The bells of wandering sheep clanged though they may be, do little to reverse the drift from and clanged monotonously. On our way back to the countryside to city. Catalonia today finds itself car, I noticed a fresh pile of dung on the trail, around aspriring to greater autonomy in a Spain that can no which flies buzzed in random, frenetic circles.
But certain confirmed it. I suddenly felt that we, the observers, consequences of the Franco years continue to be were ourselves being watched, that behind one of felt, as the fate of Solanell in part attests. Osborne at the 8th International Conference of looked back to see the figure of a man move up a Historical Geographers in Vancouver in We learned next Likewise, two earlier sketches of Solanell appear in day of an old farmer who returns each summer to print in The Geographical Review, Vol.
After our , pp. The financial support of exclusively his. Two monographs are especially century ago. Three researchers in particular, Albert invaluable: MAB 6 Alt Pirineu, Dialogical Landscapes in the , presents a fascinating argument about how Catalan Pyrenees Ph. Martin Secker and Francisco: North Point Press, , impart a Warburg, Pantheon Books, tells of more recent Scottish depopulation.
What evokes similar appreciation of peasant life in happened to Maya Indian communites in Alpine France. Life and Death in Guatemala. Between The Lines, The Promised Land of Error Incognitae: The Place of the Imagination in New York: Her face was traced with — its relationship to the ambivalent political gold and diamond. She has been photographed from position of Quebeckers, and its troublesome every angle by amateurs and professionnals.
She meanings in a memory context may explain the lack was a very old Lady, but she was still very attractive. As in most Born in the era of glaciation, her cliffs stood up well, memory recalls, a time of mourning has been and did not fall. She could not be destroyed by time, necessary.
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In fact, much of the early history of the and thus she gained immortality. At one time, she site was realised in a context of crisis. Recall of was the wife of Monsieur French. But Monsieur Memory, we should note, is most frequently related British looked upon her for more than years. Possession of her friendship and her qualities symbolized the image of a winner, the queen of the world Figure 1.
Main Memory Figure 1 First, let us see what we know best about the Plan of the City of Quebec, history of the site. These illustrations represent the landing of the troups of General Wolfe in the night of the 12 to 13 of September , at the bottom of the cliffs of the Plains of Abraham Figure 2. Many were for a history of the site emerged. This long delay offered to the governmental authorities or sold to the seems somehow surprising when we consider the public the one below was made by Thomas Jefferies importance of the events that occured on the site and dedicated to William Pitt Figure 3.
For more information see: Figure 4 Death of General Wolfe Source: The death of the two leaders of the armies General Wolfe on the battlefield, and Montcalm twenty-four hours later contributed to amplifying the meaning of the battle.
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Incidently, we may note in the paintings below the presence of Indians near Wolfe and their absence near Montcalm, while they were on the French side during the battle Figure 4, 5. In such crucial moments, we note, royalty and nations are often represented by women Figure 6. These representations of the great battle, of the Source: National Archives of Canada, C We know of only one French rendering of Figure 5 the battle; it is an anonymous one, lost in the archives Death of General Montcalm and of poor quality.
Memory is a self-celebration. It is absolutely impossible for French Canada to construct its past and to conceive of its future in a defeat particularly if the defeat was not so evident, as we will now see. A century later, French representations of the battle began to appear. In the mid- 19th century French Canadians firmly asserted their Source: But the bridge, while under French victory at the battle construction, collapsed into the St Laurence River. However, it took the intervention of the Archibishop and the guarantee of the director of the ceremony to Source: National Gallery of Canada.
It is at this time that Finally, forty-five hundred people were recruited to they erected a monument to Jacques Cartier and took participate as actors in the great pageant Figure 8. Figure 8 Then, the representations of the site began to Festivities at the inauguration become ambiguous. In , workers found of the Park in weapons, cannonballs, and bones buried near the site of the battle. The remains were those of British and French soldiers of An imposing ceremony was organised.
The remains were transfered, received official funerals, and later a monument to the heroes of the two armies was erected. Other manifestations show the difficulties of reconciling French and English positions regarding the events of the Conquest. In French Canadians had long prepared to celebrate the day of St. John the Baptist on the 24th of June. It was to be a spectacular event and to have a moving effect on Souce: The celebration was intended to attract large crowds, including francophone Over eight days, different scenes of the French delegations from the United States.
In reaction, the Regime were reconstructed. The words of Lord Grey had been birthday, to be held exactly one month before St. John the Baptist Day celebrations. The political meaning of those events intellectual or simply nostalgic. On the contrary, the did not escape the journalists. How can an historian introduce rationality into Another commemorative event shows the duality that kind of process? This has come about in two of aspirations with which the site has been invested ways. First, historians have written the history of — the great festivities organised for the inauguration these representations, which are no less real than of the site itself.
The first intention of Prime Minister reality. After that, new facts revealed by the research Laurier was to combine the inauguration of the park appear to be of great significance. We will look briefly at some of them. Abraham, what is the space with which we are really Due to the competence of the Amerindians, he concerned?
Here, let me pay tribute to the field of recognized the virtues of a tree, that was called geography, particularly to historical geography. It is to arbor vitae. He brought back to France, to the be noted that the Battle of covered the whole Fontainebleau garden, roots from that tree. The later, the name of that tree still survives in fact up to actual National Battlefield Park corresponds only to a our days , but not the memory of its practical uses.
In some regards, Lady Abraham seems to have been a little Another event has been more important. Cornuty on the plants of Canada usage. At the time of the victory, British officers Figure It was the first book on the plants of needed to name the place of their victorious battle, North America ; in the British colonies, the first and so it was named the Heights of Abraham. At the similar book of John Josselyn was not published until beginning of the nineteenth century, in , the 40 years later, in Yet in , pushed by urban development, plants of North America were entered in the it moved towards the south Figure In , it was international repertory of plants.
They were relegated to a small portion on the southwest part of transferred to the Royal Garden of Plants in Paris, at the promontory Figure That same year, the British the moment of its creation in The site having lost its military volume shows the relationship between major function, it acquired a symbolic value, in the same scientists in Europe: Rondelet in Montpellier, way that an object becomes museal.
The memory Carolus Clusius in the Lower-Countries, Mathias may be satisfied with part of the space concerned, Lobel and John Parkinson in England, Marin and Memory is essentially symbolistic, yet other Mersenne considered the secretary of the pre-royal important and symbolic events occurred in the park. Academy of France, etc. It contributed to the first steps of botany as a scientific discipline.
This research in natural resources was followed by Symbolic Memory reknowned scientists such as Michel Sarrazin, whose name was given to a plant The sarracinea ; it shows Memory is strongly related to facts concerning also different uses of the site of the Plains like those space and nature. Jacques Cartier picked up what he ancient and new orchards ; and it contributes to a Figure 12 better analysis of nature. The next sequence consolidated the strategic character of the site after the conquest.
It refers particularly to the control of navigation, the invasion by the British colonies in , and the fears of It resulted in the construction of a citadel and something well known in Kingston, the ingenious conception of the Martello Towers, with their elliptical masonry shaped so that the mass of stone facing the ennemy was twice as thick as the other.
But, they were never tested in battle figure The struggles related to Lady Abraham took another form of competition, that of sport. In , four days of horse racing were held on the Plains. It became the Epsom of Canada. It influenced the rules Martello Tower of construction and installation in the growing town Figure Figure 15 Le Soleil, 24 May Source: Royal Ontario Museum, Allodi With romanticism comes nostalgia. Monuments Parades were often organized as a distraction for were erected to the men who died for Lady the public and an evocation of power and of history.
She was so full of immeasurable qualities, and she still offered one of the best views in the Many of the sports or physical activities were world. In fact, at the end of the nineteenth century, more than just play. They supported the principle of Lady Abraham received more visitors than any other mens sane in corpore sano.
The search for place in the world. Its environment had to reflect its performance expressed the progress made by man beauty. This concept of excellency places its confidence in man, infinitely perfectible through It was decided to erect to Lady Abraham a his own efforts, channeled through a philosophy and monument befitting her significance. It was to be a a discipline of life. The principles guiding his industrialization and urbanization. Workers lived, work were the respect of the spirit of the site and the crowded together, in narrow and dark streets that love for nature.
The But the garden would be better than natural gentry, entering into the Romantic age, were looking scenes. Todd compared his work to that of an artist. They were in search of And as a great painter, he would compose the most pure air, because they were convinced by researchers beautiful part of nature. It had to vicious air. The site of the Plains represented a new respect natural beauties, generous forms, gracefully attraction, that of sun and fresh air, without dust or curved avenues, gentle undulating transitions in — smoke. It combined the attractions of the city with sum it had to reflect freedom and intimacy Figure They remind us of that long run of three to The Plains today ten kilometers made by the soldiers of Montcalm, with 40 kilos of baggage, arms and munitions, on a difficult field while moving up to face the regiments of Wolfe.
Finally, Lady Abraham seems to have the qualities the people want to commemorate. It was also essential to incorporate a sense of time All those representations are explained by the fact and change, since the work was designed to last. All that Memory is in the spirit of everyone. If History is of its components were living, growing, and centered on the relationship of societies to the past, changing, through the hours of the days, the seasons, memory focuses on the relationship of a community and the years.
Lady Abraham was a living to its past. Memory is not only rationally produced; it monument, and a living memory. It is much more than diffusion, or living history, it is inserted in In fact, as indicated by the mosaiculture, one of culture. Memory proceeds from an actual volunteer to the first created in Canada in and representing recall the past to conceive of the future. It is why Lady Abraham is such a fascinating Lady.
Figure 17 Overnight Ceremony, 23 June Source: Rents were continuously increased as farm lots were Much has been made of the abundance of land and conceded to new farmers: In Europe, the source of wealth traditionally lay in property ownership. Some who The newcomer entrepreneurs were English and came to North America with dreams of establishing Scottish professional and businessmen as well as themselves on large landed estates were unable to officers in the British army, men with limited capital realize those ambitions because of this reversal of but a lot of ambition.
They could purchase the ratio of land to labour. Nevertheless, the dream seigneuries at bargain prices in the closing decades persisted through the end of the eighteenth century of the eighteenth century. Neatby estimated that as Loyalists and demobilized officers continued to within a decade of the Conquest they had purchased arrive and put down roots in Lower Canada.
Well-to- some thirty seigneuries. The new seigneurs attempted not rolls, the banalities, and the timber rights. These were the two beacons of exploitation on which the French had worked for opportunity which beckoned anglophone investors. The cold facts of contract rather than familial obligation and paternalistic It was clear that as a business venture the responsibility would now pervade the management exploitation of the seigneuries offered a fine of the newly acquired seigneuries. From their opportunity to create new wealth. A good example encounter with what was more than a symbolic was Gabriel Christie, a military officer who had landscape emerged some mythical history that fought in the Seven Years War and who purchased reputedly delineated the essential differences several seigneuries in the upper Richelieu valley between French and English in North America.
The new seigneurs rarely resided on their property ; they The Christie seigneuries were, in many ways, were frequently absentee landowners. The social typical of the new regime. The new property owners Following the American Revolutionary war, in which viewed their investment in land strictly as a business Christie fought, his lands were settled by French enterprise. They introduced a system of hard-nosed Canadians from adjacent seigneuries and by management which contrasted sharply with the American immigrants.
Lots were conceded under indulgent paternalism of the French seigneurs. Christie and later his collect the cens et rentes and other seigneurial dues son was often absent from the seigneury and so they lods et ventes, banalites , and to oversee the used a local estate manager to run the seigneury. The manage the seigneurial property. There are seigneur retained a monopoly over water resources occasional account books but the numerical records and the rights to build saw and grist mills to which are fragmentary.
What I have tried to do is to take his censitaires were obliged to come and pay the what evidence is available to reconstruct the usual dues for their use. Hard-nosed management practices indeed! The seigneury had been conceded to anglophone seigneur and doubtless contributed to Gilles Rageot in He died in without the mythology of the distant and exploitative making any significant improvements. After the landowner accumulating wealth on the back of the Conquest his son sold the seigneury in to struggling small farmer.
Alexander Fraser and retired to France. Fraser, a Scot and like so many of the new seigneurs, had been a The mythology extended to the financial and captain in the British army disbanded after the social possibilities inherent in assuming a seigneury. Fraser had already The purchase of seigneurial lands appeared to offer a acquired another seigneury at Martiniere.
A small good prospect in the late eighteenth and early settlement had already developed along the nineteenth century to military officers and to Beaurivage River in a village known as St. Gilles and professional men among others with small financial Fraser was anxious to expand the community. Furthermore, the acquisition of a the following year he brought in fifteen settlers of seigneury held the added attraction of social prestige German origin to take up farm lots and thus began although it should be acknowledged that some of the to develop his investment.
Eight years later Fraser, new British seigneurs didnt care much for the social whose son had been killed in an accident, advantage: Rarely, however, were the goals and dreams of these entrepreneurs fully realized. Nicolas nce River St. Gilles Cr development came a little oi x later, in the nineteenth Ch Seigniory of Beaurivage au di century. Strict eighteenth and the first two decades of the accounts of accumulating debt were kept but the nineteenth century. Nicholas on the St. Despite the semblance of a distant seigneur Lawrence River some distance from the seigneury engaged in a business venture with little interest in where he also built a grist mill.
The Roman Catholics pleaded Protestants with a few Americans, Scots and poverty on account of contributions they were Englishmen took up farm lots under the seigneurial required to make towards the construction of a new system of tenure. In , following Walter church in St. David Ross and Mrs. Robert community and suggested that Ross forgive some of McKay and management was placed in the hands of the arrears of the very poor once they could show David Ross, a lawyer in Montreal.
It is from that they had made their contribution towards the onwards when the seigneury was being actively church. Such a step would earn the seigneur settled that I wish now to concentrate. The to advertise the land, bring in settlers, complete the following year he could report that he had arranged surveys of the seigneury, and arrange for the for the construction of a new road, a new bridge on construction of roads and mills.
In short, the agent, the Beaurivage, and had invested in developing a William Wickstead, was to do all that was necessary steamboat service between St. Nicholas and Quebec to advance the development of the seigneury and to City which would improve communications with the collect revenues. As payment for his services seigneury. This was important because the Wickstead was to receive a percentage of the censitaires had to take their crops and livestock to seigneurial income which he managed to collect. In Wickstead reported that she was entitled to an income as stipulated in her on one concession alone, along St.
Wickstead out of the settlers. In correspondence over the next decade. He new facilities in the seigneury.
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Wickstead constantly was aware that some settlers may have been tricking pleaded the shortage of money in the seigneury and him but he knew well that if he tried to put pressure complained how the lack of capital prevented the on them they were just as likely to pack up and leave necessary development. He used rental income to the seigneury. Better for the seigneurs that the pay off the millstones in in order to prevent settlers remain even if they were in arrears.
It is clear wheat being taken out of the seigneury to be milled from these reports that far from rack-renting, the elsewhere. To secure the was increasing and the millstones had already paid purchase he took mortgages from his cousins for a for themselves. Now the seigneury was in the short in advancing money to Mrs. He employed resident managers to look after seigneury was doing financially. Average revenues the day-to-day affairs of the estate.
In the previous practice which had been maintained for several thirteen years of his contract, however, he had generations. Ross had her own income received one fourth of all income as a fee so that in which was not available for investment in the if the original conditions of the contract had seigneury. However, rarely meagre when Arthur Ross took over as seigneur. This would mean an average interest in the seigneury to Ross. The new managers hired by Arthur Ross What seems apparent from these records is that were more agressive than Wickstead had been in revenues were barely adequate to cover the trying to collect those rents which were in arrears.
Davidson each year aand Laggards were increasingly taken to the district court that after other expenses were paid, including in an attempt to recover debts throughout the s. During these fourteen years David seigneury. Income from rents continued to prove Ross was simply the executor of the interests of his disappointing as harvests were poor and incomes wife and sister-in-law in the seigneury.
Ross invested little or none of his much during the s. Ross was advised to take a own money in the estate. I know them everyone well. David Ross willingly oversaw the affairs lived long amongst them and I candidly assure you of the seigneury but he was not prepared to invest in that there are not a dozen in the parish who could its development. Seigneurial investment would have not well afford to pay you if you only put them to to come from seigneurial revenues. The general run of them are more avaricious than they are poor.
His mother deeded her half of the them in court and thereby draw the other offenders seigneury to him in and he secured the to heel. Beginning in the retired and censitaires were to be allowed to s, Ross began to exploit the timber resources on purchase their farms outright, in fee simple. The seigneury was not be retired with further compensation. In the case of well served with rivers for transporting logs. Ross, as mill and grist mill in St. Nicholas located on the St.
He was clearly disadvantaged in realize the value of his investments and of those who that his own seigneury did not front on the St. He complained to his cousin that Lawrence River. He was The mill appeared to be his undoing. He signed a reimbursed for the loss due to milling rights and to ten year lease on a banal grist and saw mill from the land transfer dues but he was not able to capitalize government on condition that certain repairs and the increase in the value of the seigneury due to the extensions were carried out.
And repairs were investments he and his forbears had made. In January the main water Arthur Ross died in after investing wheel fell off because of decay at the mill. Although considerable sums of money in the development of the government failed to make the repairs Ross went lumbering and milling in his seigneury, the income ahead and applied for his letters patent in in from his property had not changed substantially.
An order to get operations moving. As his lawyer later increase in value did not translate into an increase in stated: Indeed, his efforts had resulted in a and prevented Mr. The funds to make Conclusion these improvements came from mortgages and loans In retrospect, when one examines the return on arranged from family members and business investment in landed property over several associates. Then the year which followed, generations, the outcome cannot be considered a was disastrous for the lumber business and Ross success.
The Seigneury of Beaurivage had much in offered to return the property to the government common with other seigneuries purchased by British upon receiving a reasonable allowance for his entrepreneurs following the Conquest of New improvements. The seigneury was managed by local agents Finally in following the natural death of his on behalf of the seigneurs who made only land agent and the accidental death of the American occasional appearances on the property.
The mechanic who had made the repairs, Ross pressed seigneury was disadvantaged in that it was not the government again for a settlement even though located on a sizeable river: Nevertheless, the seigneurs invested arrears in payment of the terms of the lease. Ross lost in infrastructure for the developemnt of the and his financial situation became extremely seigneury. Roads and mills were built and the land precarious. In and his wife, Elizabeth was surveyed in long lots. This was particularly Bibliography true in the s when settlers began pouring into Beaurivage.
University of Toronto Press. The revolutionary age, strategies to recoup arrears let alone to increase Montreal and one of understanding and sympathy and his Kingston: Le desperately scraping together cash to meet his Boreal Express Ltee. The conditions of contract were more rigidly observed in the latter than in the former case. The seigneur of Beaurivage did not fit the mythical stereotype of the anglophone seigneur and the myth or riches to be acquired in land development was never attained. Cash flow was rarely in surplus! The abundance of land and the shortage of settlers eventually caught up with the seigneurial hopes of an assured income for the seigneur and his family in the long run.
The land market was simply too weak to sustain the aspirations for a substantial income. Our destiny will which are woven into the landscape from Central triumph over the ill-fated days which are coming at America to the United States and Canada. In this a time unknown.
We will always be secure in the paper, I will begin by providing a general overview of land we have occupied. Attention to this issue Popul Vuh: The Maya book from will allow for the exploration of the issues of place the dawn of life and Maya identity before turning to potential avenues for further research. Homelessness is coming to be the destiny of the Fieldwork and Problematic world. In the summer of I traveled to conduct Heideggar , as cited in Chambers ,1 fieldwork in Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico, in order to meet with human rights observers and Introduction members of non-governmental organizations NGOs working with the Guatemalan refugees in Issues of place and identity have never been Mexico.
It is well documented that Maya identities refugee situation in Chiapas, falling roughly six have been and continue to be rooted in the local months after the Zapatista Uprising. Therefore, much of my research was Contemporary Maya are now one of the most conducted outside of the field, though connections dispersed indigenous populations in the Americas. The refugee statistics I compiled convey throughout the Americas. My research has focused general trends in movement and settlement that help on the Maya refugee movement from Guatemala discern three complex, fluid, ever-changing across the border into United Nations High situations which are the Guatemalan refugee Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR refugee camps scenarios of flight, exile, and return.
The first in southern Mexico and contemporary processes of organized return took place in January and, collective return to their homeland. I now plan to with continuous stops and starts, it is on going as we expand the focus from the refugee camp setting to approach the end of A different trend communities during what the Guatemalan military has been identified in subsequent research.
While land made available to them by the large landowners indigenous Guatemalans fled to a number of and government of Guatemala. This Accord outlines certain conditions that the refugees consider necessary for their collective and dignified return to Guatemala ; this accord has, to varying degrees, guided all negotiations and every recognized return movement from Mexico. Truly is a critical year for the refugees still in the camps in southern Mexico.
However, this pressure has been stepped up over the past year, creating fear and division among the refugees in the Source: The overwhelming evidence of world, is renewed. Therefore, one key to understanding this conclusion and therefore the refugee camp conflict, which forcefully displaced well over experience would last much longer than anticipated. The plan called for swift population into their vision of the future of the movement of the refugees away from the border nation Stepputat , 3.
The first may be considered ancestral land — land held within family circles, Resistance by the refugees to these plans was high in the mountains of the northwest. Also, many vigorous and almost unanimous. As ancestral lands or programmes of colonization. These programmes cooperative lands were left behind in Guatemala, were initiated by the government in order to appear most people had a strong desire to return when it to be dealing with the land distribution crisis facing was safe to do so.
Therefore, the second category of land may be considered territory transformed by labour in these During this same time period, to , the lowland regions near the Mexican border. This option was not viable for address spoke of an invitation to the refugees to return those being attacked in the more central regions of the to their native villages or any other place of choice in highlands, as they were trapped and caught by the Guatemala. But, if we follow the path of early military, or fled to the coast or the capital. The contradictory and highly questionable Due to the nature of forced migrations, the position of the Guatemalan government towards the specifics of flight are rarely clear, but broad patterns Maya refugees fueled the urgency with which they of movement can be deciphered.
Generally, patterns organized themselves in Mexico to negotiate for emerge of a great increase of Guatemalan refugees their rights. Through their participation in the negotiations, the refugees were Exile actively seeking a return home under very different Life in exile for the refugees has varied over time and conditions than they fled. So, what is it that drew individuals and families with a strong desire to return two-thirds of the early returnees to choose their to Guatemala quickly and with official recognition.
What is it that caused some people to return home, and others to stay well But for many refugees, their life in exile was not away? What connections between land and life, only a personal struggle, but a highly charged political between people and place are drawing refugees struggle and therefore repatriation, on government home to often precarious resettlement conditions? Geographer Liz geography has not been an easy process. The government has imposed one been brought forward in recent debates in cultural stipulation on the selection process of return sites: But, it must be noted that theories of some refugees, especially those who fled identity and location derived from cultural studies cooperative lands, this has not been a problem as and literature studies often centre on themes of the land title was not lost during their time in exile.
This arrangement allows the Guatemalan military and large landowners, who do Clearly for many peoples, especially those exiled not want to see the return of the very people they or displaced from their homelands, place no longer drove from the country years before, to create provides straightforward support to their identities.
But obstacles for the return process. And so the pace of this should not indicate that places no longer provide the returns has been frustratingly slow due to the any support for identity formation. Anthropologists main stumbling blocks of land negotiations and provision of credit to purchase the land they fled. Communiques, reports, and testimony from not be a denial of the importance of place in the the refugee representatives that express their construction of identity cf. Son "T2", qui sort ce mercredi dans les salles, a comme acteur principal celui du premier, Ewan McGregor.
Dimanche 29 Janvier - Lundi 23 Janvier - Mercredi 11 Janvier - Vendredi 06 Janvier - A quelques semaines du 30e anniversaire de sa mort, Dalida fait l'objet d'un biopic qui sort ce mercredi dans les salles. Lundi 02 Janvier - Vendredi 11 Novembre - Mercredi 16 Novembre - Mardi 15 Novembre - Jeudi 17 Novembre - Mercredi 09 Novembre - Mardi 01 Novembre - Jeudi 27 Octobre - Jeudi 20 Octobre - Lundi 10 Octobre - Vendredi 07 Octobre - Mardi 04 Octobre - Vendredi 23 Septembre - Mardi 20 Septembre - Jeudi 08 Septembre - Remake des deux premiers films de et , "S.
Parmi les acteurs principaux, Margot Robbie attire l'attention. Dimanche 10 Juillet - Le film "La couleur de la victoire", qui sort ce mercredi, raconte son histoire. Jeudi 07 Juillet - Mardi 12 Juillet - Les lois de l'Univers". Jeudi 30 Juin - Lundi 27 Juin - Mardi 21 Juin - Vendredi 10 Juin - Mardi 07 Juin - Mardi 31 Mai - Dimanche 22 Mai - Mardi 17 Mai - Mardi 10 Mai - Lundi 11 Avril - Mardi 26 Avril - Les Avengers reviennent ce mercredi avec "Captain America: Vendredi 08 Avril - Mercredi 06 Avril - Mardi 29 Mars - Mercredi 23 Mars - Avec "Batman V Superman: Dimanche 13 Mars - Lundi 07 Mars - Mercredi 02 Mars - L'acteur et le film sont les grands favoris des prochains Oscars, dimanche soir.
Un film virtuose qui est davantage qu'un biopic traditionnel sur le fondateur d'Apple. Mardi 19 Janvier - Lundi 18 Janvier - Lundi 11 Janvier - Mardi 05 Janvier - Dans le film "The Big Short: Et raconte une histoire d'amour qui se passe en Inde. Mardi 24 Novembre - Lundi 16 Novembre - Mercredi 11 Novembre - Mardi 03 Novembre - Mardi 27 Octobre - Mardi 13 Octobre - Mardi 06 Octobre - Les philosophes ont beau tout imaginer sur le sens de la vie, rien n'est plus fort que le hasard. Vendredi 02 Octobre - Lundi 28 Septembre - Mardi 22 Septembre - Dimanche 13 Septembre - Mardi 08 Septembre - Michael Caine et Harvey Keitel, roulez vieillesse!
Il raconte la vie d'une famille de Sri-Lankais qui entament une nouvelle vie en France. Impossible — Rogue Nation": Et Tom Cruise y est au top de sa forme.