Second, if the population not involved in associations of citizens affected by frauds is less likely to suffer severe frauds or related health consequences, our recruitment strategy would lead to an overestimation of the average effects of frauds on health. A second limitation is the small sample size since due to budgetary constraints we restricted field research to one year. The small sample size hinders our ability to examine dose-response relationships.
We attempted to assess categories of duration of exposure by the time of exposure to stress; we used the years between been aware of the fraud and interview time for those who have not received compensation, or the number of years waiting after a claim was filed and until the case was resolved for those who had a compensation, but there was lack of statistical power using such small groups. This design and restricted sample do not allow to examine the moderating effects of social support and resilience on the associations between fraud and health and the mediating mechanisms outlined above.
Lastly, non-differential misclassification bias could affect the comparison of the study samples with the NHS participants if the experience of fraud had affected self-reports of health outcomes. Among the strengths, we would like to mention the originality of the study and the validity and extended use of the health measurement tools, which enhance the comparability of results with the general population.. Research on the relationship between financial frauds and population health will promote the recognition of this serious public health issue and provide evidence to develop appropriate compensation for affected individuals and their families through dedicated social programmes.
Questions about financial frauds should be included in general health surveys. Research could provide evidence to support legal restitution and financial compensation.
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Qualitative research could also further investigate the mechanisms through which the experience of financial fraud manifests across families and groups.. Our research suggests financial fraud harms health and quality of life. A dedicated research program on the relationship between health and financial frauds is thus needed in order to provide evidence that may help recognizing this issue and ultimately benefit the affected populations. If the results of this research are confirmed in larger population studies, interventions providing healthcare and legal assistance should be implemented, in addition to financial compensation.
What is known about the topic? Financial frauds have caused the Great Recession but their consequences for the health of affected populations are unknown.. Those affected by financial frauds have poorer health than the reference general population as compared with national surveys. This pilot study suggests that financial frauds harm the physical and mental health, the sleep and the quality of life of affected people. Epidemiologic research with longitudinal designs are needed to strengthen causal inference..
The corresponding author on behalf of the other authors guarantee the accuracy, transparency and honesty of the data and information contained in the study, that no relevant information has been omitted and that all discrepancies between authors have been adequately resolved and described.. Zunzunegui conceptualized this study. Ribera Casado collaborated in its conduct and the writing of this paper. Benmarhnia did the data anlyses. All authors have participated with their comments to different versions of the manuscript and have approved its final version..
The foundation Finsalud www. Authors declare no conflict of interest. We acknowledge the people affected by financial frauds who have participated in this research, and the Finsalud Foundation whose financial contribution has allowed the conduct of this study.. Fraudes financieros y salud: Maria Victoria Zunzunegui a ,. Under a Creative Commons license. Objective To examine whether financial fraud is associated with poor health sleeping problems and poor quality of life. Inter-group comparisons of the prevalence of poor physical and mental health, sleep and quality of life were carried according to type of fraud and the — National Health Survey.
Results In this conventional sample, victims of financial fraud had poorer health, more mental health and sleeping problems, and poorer quality of life than comparable populations of a similar age. Those who had received financial compensation for preferred share losses had better health and quality of life than those who had not been compensated and those who had taken out foreign currency mortgages.
Conclusion The results suggest that financial fraud is detrimental to health. If our results are confirmed psychological and medical care should be provided, in addition to financial compensation. Introduction It appears that prevailing business culture in the banking profession has promoted dishonesty.
We also examined the potential relationship between financial compensation obtained through legal processes and adverse physical and mental health outcomes and poor quality of life. Context of the study Spain has been strongly affected by the recent economic crisis caused by the behaviour of financial institutions.
This fraud is referred to as a foreign currency home loan or multidivisas in Spanish. Methods Design This is a pilot study.
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Most participants are from urban areas of more than 50, inhabitants. External data base for comparison and age -adjustment The National Health Survey is accessible at the Spanish Ministery of Health web site. Data collection Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire.
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A section on financial frauds characteristics was added. Outcomes Psychological distress was measured by the General Health Questionnaire GHQ , a psychiatric screening instrument composed of four subscales somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression , each of seven items. What was the year of that diagnoses?
At the time of writing, only two of the subjects affected by these loans had reached an arrangement with their bank to change the currency of their loan from a foreign currency to euros; thus, we could not examine the effect of the reconversion of the home loan to euros. Covariates Age, sex, education, occupation, income and sufficiency of income to cover basic needs were considered potential confounders as they could be associated with health and loss of savings.
Statistical analyses First, descriptive and bivariate statistics were used to compare the three exposure groups preferred shares with financial compensation, preferred shares without compensation, and home loans in a foreign currency using the Chi-squared test for categorical variables and the F-test for continuous variables following approximately normal distributions.
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This subsample of the NHS was used to compute weighted age-adjusted prevalence for the pilot study health outcomes. Ethical considerations This project was approved by the institutional review board of the Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Written informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Results The final sample is composed of respondents.
Those affected by preferentes are approximately 20 years older, less educated and have lower incomes than the multidivisa group, which are more active in the work force. Sociodemographic characteristics of the three study samples. Physical and mental health status indicators in the three study samples. Sleep characteristics in the study samples. Financial frauds have caused the Great Recession but their consequences for the health of affected populations are unknown. What does this study add to the literature? Epidemiologic research with longitudinal designs are needed to strengthen causal inference.
We acknowledge the people affected by financial frauds who have participated in this research, and the Finsalud Foundation whose financial contribution has allowed the conduct of this study. Business culture and dishonesty in the banking industry. Financial Crisis Inquiry Report. Consumer protection aspects of financial services. Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Suitability requirements with respect to the distribution of complex financial products, International Organization of Securities Commission, Revista de Derecho del Mercado Financiero. Distribution of preferred shares among retail clients.
Guidelines on complex debt instruments and structured deposits. A venue-based method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Mental health in Ecuadorian migrants from a population-based survey: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement. Am J Public Health.
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Prevalence and impact of pain among older adults in the United States: Criterion validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: Sleep and Biological Rhythms. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. Sources of social support associated with health and quality of life: Int J Aging Hum Develop. J Epidemiol Commun Health. Contribution of material, occupational, and psychosocial factors in the explanation of social inequalities in health in 28 countries in Europe.
Material, psychosocial and behavioural factors associated with self-reported health in the Republic of Ireland: Association between socio-demographic, psychosocial, material and occupational factors and self-reported health among workers in Europe. J Public Health Oxford, England. Material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors in the explanation of educational inequalities in mortality in The Netherlands. Socioeconomic disparities in health: Health Affairs Project Hope. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Efectividad de una estrategia de apoyo individualizado al Mental health, family roles and employment status inside Explaining differences in perceived health-related quality of life: Secondhand exposure to aerosol from electronic cigarettes: Si continua navegando, consideramos que acepta su uso.
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Grado en Finanzas, Banca y Seguros
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At all times-out of gratitude and because they are the future. They are the key to our sustainability. See Bankia Annual Report. The 15, million euros managed by Bankia are joined by the more than 1, million sold by BMN. This is the fourth agreement of these characteristics that the EIB and Bankia have signed since The entity will distribute Mapfre's life insurance, with the exception of those located in the Baleares, which will distribute the products of the Caser Group. Agreement with Lone Star Fund XI, in order to constitute a company to administer, develop and have available a portfolio of foreclosed real estate assets and transfer a portfolio of non-performing loans.
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